Antibiotics Flashcards
The four protein synthesis inhibitors
Aminoglycosides (irreversibly binds 30S), Macrolides (50S), Tetracyclines (30S), Chloramphenicol (50S) (all bacteriostatic except aminoglycosides)
What kind of abx is vancomycin?
Glycopeptide/polypeptide
What kind of abx is azithromycin?
Macrolide (protein synthesis inhibitor)
What kind of abx is erythromycin?
Macrolide (protein synthesis inhibitor)
What kind of abx is doxycycline?
Tetracycline
What kind of abx is ciprofloxacin?
Quinolone
What kind of abx is flagyl?
Metronidazole
What drug can lead to Red Man Syndrome?
Vancomycin (a glycopeptide!)
What drug turns body fluids orange?
Rifampin
What kind of abx are naficillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin?
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
What kind of abx are amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin?
Extended-spectrum penicillins. Often used b/c extended coverage for G-s (like h. flu) too.
What kind of abx is meropenem?
Carbapenem
What kind of abx is colistin?
Glycopeptide/polypeptide
What kind of abx is daptomycin?
Glycopeptide/polypeptide
What kind of abx is clarithromycin?
Macrolide
What kind of abx are gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramicin?
Aminoglycosides
What kind of abx is streptomicin?
Aminoglycoside
What kind of abx are levofloxacin and norfloxacin?
Fluoroquinolones
What kind of abx is rifabutin?
Rifampin
What kind of abx is bacitracin?
Polypeptide. Directly damages cell membrane.
What kind of abx is bactrim?
Sulfonomide. Inhibits bacterial metabolism.
What are the five mechanisms of resistance?
Decreased entry, enhanced efflux, bypass pathway, enzymatic degradation, altered target site.
How do bacteria evolve resistance to cell wall busters?
Enzymatic degradation of beta-lactam ring and alteration of the drug target (changes in the binding protein);
How do bacteria evolve resistance to protein synthesis inhibitors?
?
How do bacteria evolve resistance to DNA synthesis inhibitors?
?
How do bacteria evolve resistance to metabolic inhibitors?
?
Strep pneumoniae picks up DNA?
Transformation. They’re naturally competent
What are the three methods by which bacteria evolve?
Transformation, conjunction (pillus), transduction (bacteriophage)
What is the drug of choice for Ascaris?
Mebendazole
What drug should you think to use with any anaerobe?
Metronidazole
What abx would be a good choice for an uncomplicated UTI?
Bactrim
What are two “big gun” abx that you should reserve for serious cases?
Carbapenems and fluoroquinolones
Which abx class consists of a 6-member dihydrothiazine ring?
Cephalosporins
What should you treat staph aureaus with?
Naficillin for MSSA, but not effective for MRSA. Vancomycin for MRSA (eg. if it’s nosocomial)
Which abx associated with aplastic anemia?
Chloramphenicol. Neonates can’t metabolize!
What drug is associated with ototoxicity?
Aminoglycosides (eg. gentamycin)
What do you use to treat TB?
RIfampin, INH, Pyrazinamide and Ethabutol
What do you use to treat someone who came in contact with TB?
INH prophylaxis
What abx causes discolored teeth?
Tetracyclines! (Think Austin Powers)
What is a rare but serious side effect of penicillin?
Anaphylaxis
What drug is associated with renal toxicity?
Aminoglycosides (eg. gentamycin)
What do you use to treat Borrellia burgdorferi (lyme disease), intracellular bacteria like mycoplasma, rickettsia?
Doxycycline
Aminoglycosides are particularly good at covering what types of infections?
G-s, especially aerobic, G- rods like E. coli, Pseudomonas, Shigella
What is the mechanism of action for vancomycin?
It binds to termini of pentapeptide side chains.
What abx is associated with pseudomembranous colitis?
Clindamycin
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen
Aminoglycosides are generally ineffective against what class of bacteria?
Anaerobic bacteria. Examples? B. fragilis, C. dificile.
What two important drugs is MDR TB resistant to?
Rifampin and isoniazid (INH)
