ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards
Natural antibiotics produced from Fungi:
Penicillin from ____
Cephalosporin from ____
Penicillin from Penicillin notatum
Cephalosporin from Cephalosporium acremonium
Natural antibiotics produced from Bacteria:
Gentamycin from ____
Polymyxin from _____
Bacitracin from _____
Gentamycin from Micromonospora spp.
Polymyxin from Bacillus polymyxa
Bacitracin from Chromobacter violaceum
Natural antibiotics produced from Actinomycetes:
Chloramphenicol from _____
Erythromycin from _____
Lincomycin from ______
Rifampicin from ______
Streptomycin from ______
Tetracycline from _______
Chloramphenicol from Streptomyces venezuelae
Erythromycin from S. erythreus
Lincomycin from S. lincolinensis
Rifampicin from S. mediterranea
Streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus
Tetracycline from Streptomyces rimosus and Streptomyces aureofasciens
Examples of semi-synthetic antibiotics:
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Doxycycline
Tigecycline
Semi-synthetic derivatives of penicillin and cephalosporins are called
GENERATIONS
NB: Semi-synthetic antibiotics are derived from natural antibiotics and have greater spectrum of activity and fewer side effects.
_______ is the semi-synthetic penicillin
Amoxicillin
_______ is the semi-synthetic/ 1st generation cephalosporin
Cefalexin
Examples of synthetic antibiotics:
Ciproflaxin and other quinolones
Co-trimoxazole
Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Carbapenem
Meropenem
Eravacycline
NB: Synthetic antibiotics are antibacterial agents that are completely synthesized from chemicals in the laboratory. They do not necessarily have structural similarity with natural antibiotics.
_____ is the natural penicillin.
Penicillin G
______ is the natural cephalosporin.
Cephalosporin C
Example of Amphemicols:
Mneumonic (CAFe for Tee)
Chloramphenicol
Azidamfenicol
Florfenicol
Thiamphenicol
Amphemicols interfere with protein synthesis by binding to _____ subunit of ribosomes to inhibit translation of mRNA.
50s
_______ , an amphenicol is used for conjunctivitis, typhoid fever and meningitis.
Chloramphenicol
Adverse Effects of amphenicols:
Bone marrow suppression
Diarrhea
Grey baby syndrome in young children
NB: it is not recommended in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Tetracyclines are ineffective against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus spp.
Uses of tetracycline:
Acne
Cholera
Syphilis
Malaria
Adverse effects of tetracycline:
Poor tooth development in children < 8 years( due to tetracycline bonding with calcium in tooth)
Sunburning
Anorexia
Rash
Tinnitus
Fatty liver
Fanconi Syndrome if expired tetracycline is ingested .
Fanconi Syndrome affects the reabsorption of electrolytes in the PCT of the kidneys.
Tetracyclines interfere with protein synthesis by binding to _____ subunit of ribosomes to inhibit translation of mRNA.
30S
List the beta-lactam antibiotics:
Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis:
(Most People Can’t ACt like Victims)
Monobactams
Penicillin
Carbapenem
Antimycobacterials
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
1st generation cephalosporin:
Cefalexin
Cefazolin
2nd generation cephalosporin:
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
3rd generation cephalosporin:
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefixime
Cefotaxime
Adverse Effect of penicillin
Hypersensitivity
Nausea
Vomiting
Uses of penicillin:
Typhoid fever
Other susceptible bacteria infections
B-lactamase(penicillinase) resistant penicillin
Flucloxacillin
Broad spectrum penicillins aka _____ penicillin are:
AMINO
Amoxillin
Ampicillin
Natural penicillin:
Benzylpenicillin
Broad spectrum penicillins with pseudomonas activity:
Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Examples of actimycobacterials:
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
______ are often use as substitute in penicillin allergy.
Macrolides
This is due to the fact that they have broader spectrum of activity
Examples of macrolides:
Macrolides CARE so they are used as a substitute in penicillin allergy.
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Roxithromycin
Erythromycin
Macrolides interfere with protein synthesis by binding reversible to _____ of _____ subunit of ribosomes to inhibit translation of mRNA.
P site, 50S
Uses of macrolides:
Respiratory tract infections
Soft tissue infections
Adverse effects of macrolides:
QT prolongation(erythromycin/clarithromycin)
Pyloric stenosis in infants
Cholestasis
