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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q
  • Substances that inhibit the growth of or kill
    bacteria and other microorganisms
    (viruses, fungi, protozoa and ricketssiae)
A

Antibacterials or antibiotics

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2
Q

Chemicals produced by one
kind of microorganism that inhibits the
growth of or kills another

A

Antibiotics

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3
Q

Natural – “moldy bread”

Manufactured

A

Antibacterials:

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4
Q
  • Inhibit the growth of bacteria
A

Bacteriostatic

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5
Q

Kills bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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6
Q

Mechanism of antimicrobial action

A

 Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
 Alteration of membrane permeability
 Inhibition of Protein Synthesis of bacterial
RNA and DNA
 Interference with the metabolism within
the cell

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7
Q

Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics

A

drugs are not highly protein bound

Eliminated mainly through urination

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics

A 
Effective when the drug concentration
remains constantly above the MEC
during the dosing interval
 Once-daily antibacterial dosing are
effective also
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9
Q

Use of Antibiotic

Combinations 2 effects

A

additive and potentiative

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10
Q

SE of antibiotics

A 
 Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea
 Secondary Infection
 Allergies
 Nephrotoxicity
 Hepatotoxicity
 Ototoxicity
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11
Q 
 Natural antibacterial agent obtained
from mold genus Penicillium
 Used in World War II
 “Miracle Drug”
 Discovered by Fleming
 SE: hypersensitivity and
superinfection
A

Penicillins

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12
Q 
 Natural antibacterial agent obtained
from mold genus Penicillium
 Used in World War II
 “Miracle Drug”
 Discovered by Fleming
 SE: hypersensitivity and
superinfection
A

Penicillins

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13
Q

First to be administered orally and by injection
 Painful to be administered IM and has short
duration

A

penicillin G

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14
Q

First to be administered orally and by injection
 Painful to be administered IM and has short
duration

A

penicillin G

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15
Q

(longer duration of action and

less painful)

A

procaine penicillin

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16
Q

Effective against mild to moderate infections

A

penicillin V

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17
Q

Treats both gram positive and gram negative
bacteria
 Costlier than penicillin
 Effective against E.Coli, H. Influenzae, Shigella
Dysenteriae and Salmonella

A

Broad spectrum Penicillins

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18
Q

broad spectrum penicillin example drugs

A

ampicillin

amoxicillin

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19
Q

 Antistaphylococcal Penicillins
 Not effective against gram negative organisms
 Less effective than Pen G against gram positive
microorganisms

A

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

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20
Q

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins examples

A

cloxacillin

oxacillin

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21
Q

 Anti-pseudomonal penicillins
 Effective against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
 Similar action to Aminoglycosides but less toxic

A

Extended spectrum penicillins

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22
Q

Extended spectrum penicillins

A

piperacillin sodium

 piperacillin-tazobactam (Piptaz)

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23
Q

Extended spectrum penicillins

A

piperacillin sodium

 piperacillin-tazobactam (Piptaz)

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24
Q

NX when giving penicillins

A

 Check for signs of superinfections (stomatitis,
genital discharge and anal or genital itching)
 Check for allergic reactions
 Check for bleeding
 Dilute the antibiotic for IV use
 Take the medication with food

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25
Q

When a broad spectrum antibiotic is
combined with beta-lactamase inhibitor,
the resulting antibiotic inhibits the
bacterial beta-lactamase

A

beta-lactamase inhibitors

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26
Q

beta-lactamase inhibitors drugs

A

clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam

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27
Q

Amoxicillin + Clavalunic Acid =

A

Augmentin

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28
Q

Ampicillin + Sulbactam

A

Unasyn

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29
Q

Piperacillin + Tazobactam

A

Zosyn

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30
Q

Ticarcillin + Clavulanic Acid

A

Timentin

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31
Q

Action: same as Penicillin
Active against gram positive and gram
negative and resistant to betalactamase

SE: nephrotoxicity

A

Cephalosporins

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32
Q

Efective against gram-positive and gram
negative bacteria, Streptococci and mostly
staphylococci

A

first gen Cephalosporins

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33
Q

first gen Cephalosporins drugs

A

cephalexin, cefazolin sodium

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34
Q

Same effectiveness as first generation.

Possess a broader spectrum against other gramnegative bacteria:

A

2nd gen Cephalosporins

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35
Q

2nd gen Cephalosporins drugs

A

cefaclor (Ceclor), cefoxitin sodium, (Mefoxitin),

cefuroxime(Zinacef)

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36
Q

Same effectiveness as the first and second
generations
Less effective against gram-positive bacteria

A

3rd gen Cephalosporins

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37
Q

3rd gen Cephalosporins drugs

A

cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

38
Q

Similar to the third generation
Resistant to most beta-lactamase bacteria
Has a broader gram-positive coverage than the
third generations.

A

4th gen Cephalosporins

39
Q

4th gen Cephalosporins drug

A

cefepime

40
Q

Similar spectrums of antibiotic
effectiveness to penicillin
 Penicillin substitutes

A

Macrolides, Lincosamides, Vancomycin, and Ketolides

41
Q

 Broad spectrum antibiotics; longer half-life
 bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect
 Orally and Intravenously but not IM
 Active against most gram positive bacteria
 Mild to moderate infections of the Respiratory
Tract, sinuses, GI, skin and soft tissue, diphtheria,
impetigo and STD’s
 SE: hepatoxicity

A

Macrolides

42
Q

is the drug of choice for

mycoplasmal pneumonia

A

erythromycin

43
Q

Macrolides drugs

A

clarithromycin, azithromycin

44
Q

Action: Same as macrolides

 Active against gram positive organisms

A

Lincosamides

45
Q

Lincosamides drugs

A

clindamycin, lincomycin

46
Q 
 Staphylococcal infections
 Cardiac surgical prophylaxis for patient
with penicillin allergies
 It’s use was almost abandoned because
of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicty
A

Vancomycin

47
Q

 New classification of antibiotics, structurally
related to macrolides
 for adults 18 years old and above
 acute chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial
sinusitis and community acquired pneumonia

A

Ketolides

48
Q

 1
st broad spectrum antibiotic effective against
gram positive and gram negative bacteria
 used against Mycoplasma Pneumonia
 useful in treating Helicobacter Pylori when
combine w/ metronidazole and bismuth
subsalicylate

A

Tetracyclines

49
Q

 IM form causes severe pain and tissue irritation
 Should be taken on empty stomach (except
doxycyline and minocycline)
 Avoid magnesium, aluminum, iron and milk
 SE: photosensitivity, possible teratogenic effect
(1st trimester), teeth discoloration (last trimester
and chilidren less than 8yrs old), ear damage,
nephrotoxicity and superinfection

A

Tetracylines

50
Q

Tetracycline drugs

A

doxycyclines, minocycline, methacycline

51
Q

Used against gram negative and gram positive
bacteria
 Drug of choice to treat Tularemia and Bubonic
Pneumonic forms of Plague

A

Aminoglycoside

52
Q

first Aminoglycoside

A

streptomycin

53
Q

-preoperative bowel antiseptic

A

neomycin

54
Q
  • intestinal amoebiasis and tapeworm

infestation

A

paromycin

55
Q

– may be use if resistant to gentamycin

and tobramycin

A

amikacin

56
Q

SE of Aminoglycosides

A

SE: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

57
Q

Antibacterial spectrums includes both gram
positive and gram negative organisms
 Treat primarily UTI, bone, joint infections,
bronchitis, pneumonia

A

Fluoroquinolones

58
Q

Fluoroquinolones drugs

A

ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay), norfloxacin,

levofloxacin, moxifloxacin (Avelox)

59
Q

used to treat serious

infections (H. influenzae, Mycoplasmas)

A

chloramphenicol

60
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhea,
used also for patients with allergy to
penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines

A

spectinomycin

61
Q 
for Vancomycin-Resistant
Enterococcus faecium (VREF)
A

quinupristin

62
Q

Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid
 Isolated from coal tar derivative compound
 Used if allergic to penicillin
 UTI, ear infections and newborn eye
prophylaxis, meningococcal meningitis and
against organisms Chlamydia and Toxoplasma
Gondii

A

Sulfonamides

63
Q

Bacteriostatic
It must be used in combination with
other anti-tubercular agents.

A

Ethambutol

64
Q

SE of Ethambutol

A

SE: Blurred vision, Red-Green vision

changes

65
Q

first oral preparation of anti tubercular drugs

A

 Isoniazid –

66
Q 
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic
 Blocks vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
 Used as prophylaxis for (+) HIV, in contact with
PTB patient (6 mos. To 1 year)
 1 hr before or 2 hours after meal
A

Isoniazid

67
Q

SE of Isoniazid

A

SE: Peripheral Neuritis, hepatotoxicity

68
Q

Rifampicin SE

A

SE: Reddish-orange secretions, hepatotoxic

69
Q

Pyrazinamide SE

A

SE: arthralgia, hepatotoxic

70
Q

 Antimycotic Drugs

2 Types of Fungal Infections:

A

Superficial (skin or mucuos membrane)

2. Systemic (lung or CNS)

71
Q

Effective against candidiasis

A

Azoles

72
Q

*amphotericin B
Drug of choice for treating severe systemic fungal
infections.
Highly toxic can cause nephrotoxicity and
electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia and
hypomagnesemia)

A

Polyenes

73
Q

Is used in combination with other antifungal drugs

such as amphoterecin B.

A

Antimetabolites

74
Q

Is used to treat mild to moderate Pneumocytis

Carinii Pneumonia

A

Antiprotozoal

75
Q

Is used to treat Candida and Aspergillosis

infections. Given thru IV.

A

Echinocandins

76
Q
  • Given slow IV push

2 two groups: Peptides

A
  1. Polymyxins - gram-negative bacteria
  2. Bacitracin - gram-positive bacteria and
    some gram-negative bacteria, Can be used
    to treat meningitis
77
Q

SE of Peptides

A

SE: nephrotoxicity (BUN and creatinine is
increased)
neurotoxicity (numbness and tingling of the
extremeties, paresthesias and dizziness)

78
Q 
 Used to treat various disorders in the GI
tract
 Intestinal amebiasis, trichomoniasis,
Inflammatory bowel disorders
 Used with other agents to treat
Helicobacter pylori
A

metronidazole (Flagyl)

79
Q

used to prevent or delay

the spread of a viral infection.

A

Antiviral drugs

80
Q

Used to treat Influenza A:

A 
amantadine HCl (Symmetrel)
2. rimantadine HCl (Flumadine)
81
Q

HIV retinitis and herpes

simplex infection in clients with AIDS

A

foscarnet (Foscavir)-

82
Q

SE for Antivirals

A

SE: insomia, depression,anxiety,confusion, ataxia,

hypotension, neurologic problems

83
Q

These are used to treat Herpes Simplex

Virus

A

 Topical Antivirals

83
Q

These are used to treat Herpes Simplex

Virus

A

 Topical Antivirals

84
Q

Decreases viral spread and shortening the
duration of flu symptoms.
Should be taken 48hrs of flu

A

Neuramidase Inhibitors

85
Q

Administered intramuscularly, at early
infectious stage
 Provides passive form of immunity by blocking
the penetration of virus into the host cell

A

Gamma Globulin (Immune Globulin)

86
Q

Interferes with the steps of viral nucleic acid
synthesis
Effective in Herpes Simplex viruses, Herpes Zoster,
Varicella Zoster Virus, and CMV.

A

Purine Nucleosides

87
Q

inhibits viral replication Antiviral HIV Drugs

A

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
delavirdine, lamivudine
 Protease Inhibitors
indinavir, ritonavir

88
Q

Given orally
 When drug-resistant malaria occurs,
combinations of anti-malarials are used

A

Antimalarial Drugs

89
Q

Antimalarial Drugs

A

Choloroquine HCl – commonly prescribe
Mefloquine
Primaquine Phosphate
Quinine Sulfate

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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