Antibiotics Flashcards
1
Q
- Substances that inhibit the growth of or kill
bacteria and other microorganisms
(viruses, fungi, protozoa and ricketssiae)
A
Antibacterials or antibiotics
2
Q
Chemicals produced by one
kind of microorganism that inhibits the
growth of or kills another
A
Antibiotics
3
Q
Natural – “moldy bread”
Manufactured
A
Antibacterials:
4
Q
- Inhibit the growth of bacteria
A
Bacteriostatic
5
Q
Kills bacteria
A
Bactericidal
6
Q
Mechanism of antimicrobial action
A
Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
Alteration of membrane permeability
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis of bacterial
RNA and DNA
Interference with the metabolism within
the cell
7
Q
Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics
A
drugs are not highly protein bound
Eliminated mainly through urination
8
Q
Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics
A
Effective when the drug concentration remains constantly above the MEC during the dosing interval Once-daily antibacterial dosing are effective also
9
Q
Use of Antibiotic
Combinations 2 effects
A
additive and potentiative
10
Q
SE of antibiotics
A
Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea Secondary Infection Allergies Nephrotoxicity Hepatotoxicity Ototoxicity
11
Q
Natural antibacterial agent obtained from mold genus Penicillium Used in World War II “Miracle Drug” Discovered by Fleming SE: hypersensitivity and superinfection
A
Penicillins
12
Q
Natural antibacterial agent obtained from mold genus Penicillium Used in World War II “Miracle Drug” Discovered by Fleming SE: hypersensitivity and superinfection
A
Penicillins
13
Q
First to be administered orally and by injection
Painful to be administered IM and has short
duration
A
penicillin G
14
Q
First to be administered orally and by injection
Painful to be administered IM and has short
duration
A
penicillin G
15
Q
(longer duration of action and
less painful)
A
procaine penicillin
16
Q
Effective against mild to moderate infections
A
penicillin V
17
Q
Treats both gram positive and gram negative
bacteria
Costlier than penicillin
Effective against E.Coli, H. Influenzae, Shigella
Dysenteriae and Salmonella
A
Broad spectrum Penicillins
18
Q
broad spectrum penicillin example drugs
A
ampicillin
amoxicillin
19
Q
Antistaphylococcal Penicillins
Not effective against gram negative organisms
Less effective than Pen G against gram positive
microorganisms
A
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
20
Q
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins examples
A
cloxacillin
oxacillin
21
Q
Anti-pseudomonal penicillins
Effective against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Similar action to Aminoglycosides but less toxic
A
Extended spectrum penicillins
22
Q
Extended spectrum penicillins
A
piperacillin sodium
piperacillin-tazobactam (Piptaz)
23
Q
Extended spectrum penicillins
A
piperacillin sodium
piperacillin-tazobactam (Piptaz)
24
Q
NX when giving penicillins
A
Check for signs of superinfections (stomatitis,
genital discharge and anal or genital itching)
Check for allergic reactions
Check for bleeding
Dilute the antibiotic for IV use
Take the medication with food
25
When a broad spectrum antibiotic is
combined with beta-lactamase inhibitor,
the resulting antibiotic inhibits the
bacterial beta-lactamase
beta-lactamase inhibitors
26
beta-lactamase inhibitors drugs
clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
27
Amoxicillin + Clavalunic Acid =
Augmentin
28
Ampicillin + Sulbactam
Unasyn
29
Piperacillin + Tazobactam
Zosyn
30
Ticarcillin + Clavulanic Acid
Timentin
31
Action: same as Penicillin
Active against gram positive and gram
negative and resistant to betalactamase
SE: nephrotoxicity
Cephalosporins
32
Efective against gram-positive and gram
negative bacteria, Streptococci and mostly
staphylococci
first gen Cephalosporins
33
first gen Cephalosporins drugs
cephalexin, cefazolin sodium
34
Same effectiveness as first generation.
| Possess a broader spectrum against other gramnegative bacteria:
2nd gen Cephalosporins
35
2nd gen Cephalosporins drugs
cefaclor (Ceclor), cefoxitin sodium, (Mefoxitin),
| cefuroxime(Zinacef)
36
Same effectiveness as the first and second
generations
Less effective against gram-positive bacteria
3rd gen Cephalosporins
37
3rd gen Cephalosporins drugs
cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
38
Similar to the third generation
Resistant to most beta-lactamase bacteria
Has a broader gram-positive coverage than the
third generations.
4th gen Cephalosporins
39
4th gen Cephalosporins drug
cefepime
40
Similar spectrums of antibiotic
effectiveness to penicillin
Penicillin substitutes
Macrolides, Lincosamides, Vancomycin, and Ketolides
41
Broad spectrum antibiotics; longer half-life
bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect
Orally and Intravenously but not IM
Active against most gram positive bacteria
Mild to moderate infections of the Respiratory
Tract, sinuses, GI, skin and soft tissue, diphtheria,
impetigo and STD’s
SE: hepatoxicity
Macrolides
42
is the drug of choice for
| mycoplasmal pneumonia
erythromycin
43
Macrolides drugs
clarithromycin, azithromycin
44
Action: Same as macrolides
| Active against gram positive organisms
Lincosamides
45
Lincosamides drugs
clindamycin, lincomycin
46
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Staphylococcal infections
Cardiac surgical prophylaxis for patient
with penicillin allergies
It’s use was almost abandoned because
of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicty
```
Vancomycin
47
New classification of antibiotics, structurally
related to macrolides
for adults 18 years old and above
acute chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial
sinusitis and community acquired pneumonia
Ketolides
48
1
st broad spectrum antibiotic effective against
gram positive and gram negative bacteria
used against Mycoplasma Pneumonia
useful in treating Helicobacter Pylori when
combine w/ metronidazole and bismuth
subsalicylate
Tetracyclines
49
IM form causes severe pain and tissue irritation
Should be taken on empty stomach (except
doxycyline and minocycline)
Avoid magnesium, aluminum, iron and milk
SE: photosensitivity, possible teratogenic effect
(1st trimester), teeth discoloration (last trimester
and chilidren less than 8yrs old), ear damage,
nephrotoxicity and superinfection
Tetracylines
50
Tetracycline drugs
doxycyclines, minocycline, methacycline
51
Used against gram negative and gram positive
bacteria
Drug of choice to treat Tularemia and Bubonic
Pneumonic forms of Plague
Aminoglycoside
52
first Aminoglycoside
streptomycin
53
-preoperative bowel antiseptic
neomycin
54
- intestinal amoebiasis and tapeworm
| infestation
paromycin
55
– may be use if resistant to gentamycin
| and tobramycin
amikacin
56
SE of Aminoglycosides
SE: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
57
Antibacterial spectrums includes both gram
positive and gram negative organisms
Treat primarily UTI, bone, joint infections,
bronchitis, pneumonia
Fluoroquinolones
58
Fluoroquinolones drugs
ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay), norfloxacin,
| levofloxacin, moxifloxacin (Avelox)
59
used to treat serious
| infections (H. influenzae, Mycoplasmas)
chloramphenicol
60
Neisseria Gonorrhea,
used also for patients with allergy to
penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines
spectinomycin
61
```
for Vancomycin-Resistant
Enterococcus faecium (VREF)
```
quinupristin
62
Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid
Isolated from coal tar derivative compound
Used if allergic to penicillin
UTI, ear infections and newborn eye
prophylaxis, meningococcal meningitis and
against organisms Chlamydia and Toxoplasma
Gondii
Sulfonamides
63
Bacteriostatic
It must be used in combination with
other anti-tubercular agents.
Ethambutol
64
SE of Ethambutol
SE: Blurred vision, Red-Green vision
| changes
65
first oral preparation of anti tubercular drugs
Isoniazid –
66
```
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic
Blocks vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Used as prophylaxis for (+) HIV, in contact with
PTB patient (6 mos. To 1 year)
1 hr before or 2 hours after meal
```
Isoniazid
67
SE of Isoniazid
SE: Peripheral Neuritis, hepatotoxicity
68
Rifampicin SE
SE: Reddish-orange secretions, hepatotoxic
69
Pyrazinamide SE
SE: arthralgia, hepatotoxic
70
Antimycotic Drugs
| 2 Types of Fungal Infections:
Superficial (skin or mucuos membrane)
| 2. Systemic (lung or CNS)
71
Effective against candidiasis
Azoles
72
*amphotericin B
Drug of choice for treating severe systemic fungal
infections.
Highly toxic can cause nephrotoxicity and
electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia and
hypomagnesemia)
Polyenes
73
Is used in combination with other antifungal drugs
| such as amphoterecin B.
Antimetabolites
74
Is used to treat mild to moderate Pneumocytis
| Carinii Pneumonia
Antiprotozoal
75
Is used to treat Candida and Aspergillosis
| infections. Given thru IV.
Echinocandins
76
* Given slow IV push
| 2 two groups: Peptides
1. Polymyxins - gram-negative bacteria
2. Bacitracin - gram-positive bacteria and
some gram-negative bacteria, Can be used
to treat meningitis
77
SE of Peptides
SE: nephrotoxicity (BUN and creatinine is
increased)
neurotoxicity (numbness and tingling of the
extremeties, paresthesias and dizziness)
78
```
Used to treat various disorders in the GI
tract
Intestinal amebiasis, trichomoniasis,
Inflammatory bowel disorders
Used with other agents to treat
Helicobacter pylori
```
metronidazole (Flagyl)
79
used to prevent or delay
| the spread of a viral infection.
Antiviral drugs
80
Used to treat Influenza A:
```
amantadine HCl (Symmetrel)
2. rimantadine HCl (Flumadine)
```
81
HIV retinitis and herpes
| simplex infection in clients with AIDS
foscarnet (Foscavir)-
82
SE for Antivirals
SE: insomia, depression,anxiety,confusion, ataxia,
| hypotension, neurologic problems
83
These are used to treat Herpes Simplex
| Virus
Topical Antivirals
83
These are used to treat Herpes Simplex
| Virus
Topical Antivirals
84
Decreases viral spread and shortening the
duration of flu symptoms.
Should be taken 48hrs of flu
Neuramidase Inhibitors
85
Administered intramuscularly, at early
infectious stage
Provides passive form of immunity by blocking
the penetration of virus into the host cell
Gamma Globulin (Immune Globulin)
86
Interferes with the steps of viral nucleic acid
synthesis
Effective in Herpes Simplex viruses, Herpes Zoster,
Varicella Zoster Virus, and CMV.
Purine Nucleosides
87
inhibits viral replication Antiviral HIV Drugs
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
delavirdine, lamivudine
Protease Inhibitors
indinavir, ritonavir
88
Given orally
When drug-resistant malaria occurs,
combinations of anti-malarials are used
Antimalarial Drugs
89
Antimalarial Drugs
Choloroquine HCl – commonly prescribe
Mefloquine
Primaquine Phosphate
Quinine Sulfate
