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Tony's lectures > Antibiotics 1 > Flashcards

Antibiotics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

peptidoglycan is a highly cross-linked polymer composed of acrbohydrates and amino acids. true or false?

A

true

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2
Q

peptidoglycan are rigid and prevents osmotic lysis. true or false?

A

true

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3
Q

What differentiate gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A
  • Peptidoglycan structure
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4
Q

which of the gram positve or negative have thicker peptidoglycan layer?

A
  • Gram positive
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5
Q

what are the properties of LPS (lipoproteinpolysaccharide)?

A
  • It is found in gram negative bacteria
  • It allows the gram negtaive bacteria to invade the immune response
  • It varies amongst gram negative bacteria
  • It provides the net negative charge of bacteria
  • It contains KDO
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6
Q

what must bacteria do to cause disease?

A
  • Evade the defense mechanism
  • Gain entry and evade host cell
  • Colonise and maintain colony
  • Spread infection
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7
Q

what are the basis of antibacterial chemotherapy?

A
  • Infection and therapy are doe related
  • Selectivity
  • Therapeutic index
  • Bacteriacidal vs Bacteriastatic
  • MInimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
  • Minimum bacteriacidal concentration (MBC)
  • Spectrum of activity
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8
Q

what is bactericidal and bacteristatic?

A
  • Bactericidal: an agent that kills bacteria (e.g antibiotics)
  • Bacteristatic: An agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria
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9
Q

what is the meaning of MInimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bacteriacidal concentration (MBC)?

A

MInimum inhibitory concentration (MIC):
- the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent that inhibits bacteria growth

Minimum bacteriacidal concentration (MBC):
- The lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent that kills the specific bacteria

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10
Q

what are the targets for antibacteria therapy an dprovide examples for each target drug?

A
  • RNA polymerase (Rifampicin)
  • DNA gyrase (Quinoloners)
  • Cell wall synthesis (Penicillin)
  • Folic acid metabolism (Sulphonamides)
  • Protein synthesis (50S - Macrolides) and (30s - Tetracyclines)
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11
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A
  • The antibiotic is no longer able to kill the bacterium at dosage level achievable within the host
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12
Q

what are the modes of resistance of bacteria?

A
  • Increased Efflux
  • Immunity and bypass
  • Inactivation of enzymes
  • Target modification
  • Overproduction of target site
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13
Q

what is intrinsic and acquired resistance and what is each determined by and provide example?

A

Intrinsic:

  • Inherented features which prevent antibiotic action
  • Determine and expressed by genetic material within the chromosome e.g negative bacteria (B-lactams)

Acquired:

  • Resistance strains emerge from previous population
  • Determined by acquisition from plasmid, mutations in chromosomal gene
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14
Q

Prokaryote DNA is found in the plasmid. true or false?

A

true

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15
Q

Plasmids are small loops of extrachromosomal DNA. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Plasmids are not essential for surviva. true or false?

A

true

17
Q

plasmids cannot be used to transfer genes between cells. true or false?

A

false

18
Q

plasmids can be incorporated into the chromosme of the bactreia. true or false?

A

true

19
Q

Single DNA strand is transfered between cells by conjugation using rolling circle replication. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

20
Q

what are the different types of acquired resistance gene transfer between bacterial cells?

A
  • Bacterial transformation
  • Bacterial transduction
  • Bacterial conjugation (using plasmid)
21
Q

How do B-lactam antibiotics work and provide an example?

A
  • They inhibit crosslinking step of peptidoglycan synthesis

e. g Cephalosporins

22
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A
  • Methicilin resistant S.aureus
23
Q

MRSA does not have low affinity for b-lactams. treu ro false?

A

False

24
Q

Most MRSA and multidrug resistance but susceptible to vancomycin. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

25
Q

what is the most prevalent epidemic strains of MRSA?

A
  • EMRSA-15 and 16
26
Q

what is the reasons for decreased susceptibility of vancomycin to S.aureus?

A
  • increased levels of peptidoglycan and precursor

Tony's lectures (8 decks)

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