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microbiology > antibiotic therapy > Flashcards

antibiotic therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibiotics:

A

a drug used to treat or prevent infection caused by microorganisms

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1
Q

Bacteriostatic:

A

inhibit growth of bacteria

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2
Q

Bactericidal:

A

kill bacteria

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3
Q

Antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan - bactericidal

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4
Q

describe Penicillins e.g. flucloxacillin, amoxicillin

A
  • β lactam
  • Very few side effects
  • Range from narrow to broad spectrum
  • Excreted (rapidly) via kidneys
  • Safe in pregnancy
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5
Q

describe Cephalosporins e.g. cefaclor, cefadroxil and cefalexin

A

Modified β lactam

Excreted via kidneys and urine

Safe in pregnancy

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6
Q

describe Glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin

A
  • Not absorbed when given orally - have to be administered IV
  • Side effects: vancomycin damages kidneys, occasionally causes ‘red man syndrome’ (allergy)
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7
Q

describe Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Attach to bacterial ribosomes

Usually protein synthesis can resume when antibiotic is removed - bacteriostatic

Exception: aminoglycosides - binding to ribosome is lethal

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8
Q

describe Macrolides e.g. erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin

A
  • Excreted via liver, biliary tract and into the gut
  • Lipophilic - easily pass through cell membranes
  • Useful for infections where bacteria ‘hide’ in host cells
  • Erythromycin is safe in pregnancy (others have not been trialed)
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9
Q

describe Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin

A

Must be given IV

Active mainly against Gram-negative aerobic organisms

Excreted in urine

Side effects: kidney damage, deafness/dizziness

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10
Q

decisive clindamcyin

A

2nd line against serious Staphylococcal and Streptococcal infection, particularly in penicillin-allergic patients

-Also active against ‘true’ anaerobes

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11
Q

what is Chloramphenicol used for

A

topical eye infections

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12
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • Side effects - permanent staining of teeth (and bones) in children under 12
  • All excreted via liver and biliary system
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13
Q

what Antibiotics can act on bacterial DNA

A

Metronidazole

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14
Q

describe Metronidazole

A

Oral, IV

Break strands of bacterial DNA

Used for infections by ‘true’ anaerobes and some infections by protozoa

Interacts with alcohol

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15
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

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16
Q

Fluoroquinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

A
  • Interact with topoisomerases – bacteria can no longer replicate
  • Bactericidal
  • Use is severely restricted - risk of C. difficile
  • Only antibiotics that can be given orally to treat Pseudomonas
  • Side effects: weakens tendons, may cause joint damage in young children, may cause seizures
17
Q

general side effects

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, rashes, Candida infection

18
Q

Penicillins side effect

A

hypersensitivity/skin reactions

18
Q

Flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav side effect

A

cholestatic jaundice

19
Q

Clindamycin, cephalosporins and quinolones side effect

A

C. difficile colitis

20
Q

Macrolides side effect

A

GI disturbances, hepatitis, Q-T interva

21
Q

Quiolones side effect

A

Q-T interval, convulsions, tendonitis

22
Q

Aminoglycosides/glycopeptides side effect

A

nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity

23
Q

Vancomycin side effect

A

‘red man’ syndrome

24
Q

Tetracyclines side effect

A

hepatotoxicity, staining teeth, photosensitivity, dyspheagia

25
Q

Nitrofuratoin side effect

A

peripheral neuropathy, pulmonary fibrosis

26
Q

Sulphamides (co-trimoxazole) side effect

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, blood dyscrasias

27
Q

Trimethoprim side effect

A

blood dyscrasias

28
Q

Chloramphenicol side effects

A

aplastic anaemia, grey baby

29
Q

Linezolid side effects

A

blood dyscrasias, MAOI, optic neuropathy

30
Q

Sodium fusidate side effect

A

hepatotoxicity

31
Q

Enzyme inhibitors -

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin, isoniazid, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin

32
Q

Enzyme inducers -

A

rifampicin

33
Q

Absorption -

A

absorption of tetracyclines and quinolones reduced by antacids/calcium

34
Q

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and oral contraceptives -

A

entero-heptic cycling can lead to contraceptive failure

35
Q

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and warfarin -

A

increased INR

36
Q

Metronidazole -

A

disulfiram-like interaction with alcohol

37
Q

Aminoglycosides/glycopeptides/colistin with loop diuretics or ciclosporin or tacrolimus -

A

nephrotoxicity

38
Q
A

microbiology (8 decks)

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