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PHRM 865: Theraputics V > Antibiotic Selection > Flashcards

Antibiotic Selection Flashcards

Intro?

1
Q

What the MAIN species of Gram-Positive/Negative Bacteria?

A
  • Cocci & Bacilli
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2
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Cluster?

A
  • Coagulase Positive: S. Aurues
  • Coagulase Negative: S. Epidermis, S lugdunesis, S. Hominis, S. Capitis, S. Sarprophyticus, S. Haemolyticus
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3
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Pairs?

A
  • Strepococcus Pneumoniae
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4
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Chains?

A
  • S. Pyogenes & S. agalactiae [b-Hemolytic]
  • Virdians: S. Milleri, S. Mutans, S. Salivarius, S. Anginous, S. Sanguis [a-Hemolytic]
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5
Q

What is important to know about the Hemolysis Pattern within Antibiotics?

A
  • a = Partial Hemolysis
  • b = Complete Hemolysis
  • y = No Hemolysis
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6
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Pairs & Chains?

A
  • Enterococcus Faecalis [suseptalbe to Ampilcillijn]
  • Entercoccus Faecium [Vancomycin resistance]
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7
Q

What are the subclasses of Bacilli in Gram-Positive Bacteria?

A
  • Non Spore
  • Spore
  • Branching
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8
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Non-Spore Bacilli?

A
  • Listeria Monocytogenes
  • Corynebacterium [Diphtheriae, Jeikium, Striatum]
  • Lactobacillus
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9
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Spore Bacilli?

A
  • Bacillus [Cereus, Anthraics (basically Anthrax)]
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10
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Positive Branching Bacilli?

A
  • Nocardia [Asteroides, Brasiliensis]
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11
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci?

A
  • Neisseria [Gonorrhoeae, Meningitidis]
  • Moraxella Catarrhalis
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12
Q

What are some of the Aerobic Gram-Negative Coccobacilli?

A
  • Haemophilus [Fluenzae, Parainfluenzae, Ducreyi]
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13
Q

What are the Entrobacterales [Enterobacteriaceae] in Bacteria?

A
  • Citrobacter [Freundii, Koseri]
  • Enterobacter [Cloacae]
  • E. Coli
  • Klebsiella [Pneumoniae, Oxytoca, Aerogenes]
  • Morganella Morganii
  • Proteus [Mirabilis, vulgaris]
  • Providencia [Rettgeri, Stuartii]
  • Salmonella [Enteritidis, Typhi]
  • Seratia Marcescens
    Shigella Dysenteriae
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14
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Negative Lactose forming Bacilli?

A
  • CEEK
  • Citrobacter [Freundi, Koseri], Enterobacter [Cloacae], E. Coli, Klebsellia [Pneumoniae, Oxytoca, Aerogenes]
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15
Q

What are the Aerobic Gram-Negative Non-Lactose forming Bacilli?

A
  • Pseudomonas Aerogenosa
  • Acinetobacter Baumannii
  • Burkholderia Cepacia
  • Strenotrophomoas Maltophilia
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16
Q

What is the bacteria is that assciated with straches or bites from a cat?

A
  • Pasteurella Multocida
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17
Q

What are Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Chains?

A
  • Peptostreptococcus [Anaerobius, Intermedius]
  • Finegoldia Magna
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18
Q

What is the subclasses for the Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli?

A
  • Same as Aerobic
  • Spore, Non-Spore, Branching
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19
Q

What are some Anaerobic Gram-Positive Non-Spore Bacilli>

A
  • Cutibacterium Ances
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20
Q

What are some Anaerobic Gram-Positive Spore Bacilli?

A
  • Clostirdium [Perfringes, Tetani, Botulinum]
  • Clotridioides Difficile
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21
Q

What are the Anaerobic Gram-Postive Branching Bacilli?

A
  • Actinomyces [Isrealii]
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22
Q

What are the Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci?

A
  • Veillonella [Parvula]
23
Q

What are Anaerobic Gram-Negative Baciili/

A
  • Bacteroides [Fragilis, Ovatus, Vulgatus, Distasonis, Thetaiotaomicron]
  • Prevotella [Melaninogenica, Denticola, Bccae, Oralis, Bivia]
24
Q

What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of Skin?

A
  • Diphteroids [Corynebacterium]
  • Staphylocci [epidermidis]
  • Streptococci
  • Cutibaterium
25
Q

What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of the GI Tract?

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Enterobacterales
  • Enterococci
  • Fuseobacterium
  • Peptostreptococcous
  • Clostridium
26
Q

What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of the Oropharynx?

A
  • Haemophilus
  • Streptococci [Viridans]
  • Diphteroids
  • Neisseria
  • Oral Anaerobes
27
Q

What are the organisms found on the Normal Flora of the Genitals Tract?

A
  • Corynebacterium
  • Enterobacterales
  • Lactobacillus
  • Myocoplasma
  • Staphylococci
  • Streplococci
  • Anerobes
  • Candida
28
Q

When trying to comfirm an infection, what is the big thing that we are looking for?

A
  • FEVER: >38 C or 100.4 F [Rectal = +1 degree & Armpit = -1 degree]
29
Q

What are some of the Non-infectious causes of a fever [False Positives]?

A
  • Autoimmue disorders
  • DRUG FEVER: basically giving a drug that causes a fever
  • Blood Transfusions
30
Q

What are some fo the False Negatives that can happen with fevers?

A
  • Antipyretics: masks fever
  • Cortiosteriods
  • Not finishing drug therapy
  • Super Infection
31
Q

What are some of Systemic sign and symptoms of infections?

A
  • FEVER *
  • Increased WBC Count
  • Chills
  • Tachycardia *
  • Tachypnea *
  • Hypotension
  • Malise
  • Mental Status
32
Q

What is important to know about the WBC count within an infection?

A
  • Normal: 4500-10000
  • Mature Neutrophils = “Polys” & Immature Neutrophils = “Bands”
  • BANDS: increased bone marrow response
33
Q

What is importance of Leukocytosis in the signs and symptoms of infection?

A
  • Bacterial infections with increased Neutrophils +/- Bands [left shift]
  • Increased due too non-infectious causes or drugs
34
Q

What is the importance of Lymphocytosis. in the signs and symptoms of infection?

A
  • Associated with Viral, TB, Fungal
  • B-lymph: Humoral Immunity
  • T-lymph: Cell-Mediated [
35
Q

What is the importance of Monocytosis & Ensinophilia in the signs and symptoms of infection?

A
  • Monocytosis: Associated with TB or Lymphoma
  • Eosinophilia: Associated with allergies or Protozoal/Parasitic Infections
36
Q

What are the Localized signs and symptoms of Infections?

A
  • Pain and Inflammation [swelling, redness, tenderness, purulent drainage]
  • Deep-seated: needs imaging [Pneumonia, meningitis, UTI]
  • Specific Organs [Flank Pain = Pyelonephritis (E. COLI)]
37
Q

What are the Additional Acute Phase Reactant Lab Tests?

A
  • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate [ESR] & C-Reactive Protien [CRP]: increased with inflammation BUT doesnt equal infection
  • Procalcitonin [PCT]: specific toward bacterial infections
38
Q

What are the Radiographic Test that are used in infections?

A
  • X-Rays
  • Computed Tomography [CT or CAT scan]
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI]
  • Nuclear Imaging
  • Echocardiography
39
Q

When identifying a pathogen, what are some things that we need to do?

A
  • Collect infected material BEFORE any therapy [drug might still be in it]
  • MUST avoid contamination
  • Direct Exams [Gram Stains, Ziehl-Nielsen, India Ink]
40
Q

What is the main differences between Colonization and Infection?

A
  • Colonization: A potentially pathogenic organism but is not invading host tissues or causing a response
  • Infection: A Pathogenic organism that is damaging the host
41
Q

What is the main differences between Sensitivity and Specificity in Infections?

A
  • Sensitivity: Positive in the presence of disease [EVERYONE has the disease]
  • Specificity: Negative in the absence of disease [NOBODY has the disease]
42
Q

What are some of the host factors that relate toward infections?

A
  • Allergies, Age, Sex, Weight, Pregnancy, Genetics, Renal/Hepatic [FIND ClCr], Interactions
43
Q

What is the differences in Empiric and Directed Therapies in Infections?

A
  • Empiric: Therapy BEFORE identification [multiple antibiotics]
  • Directed: AFTER identification [Narrow effective spectum drug]
44
Q

What are some of the things that we should base our empiric therapy on?

A
  • Knowledge [whats the pathogen, where…]
  • Antibiograms: shows a summary of what drugs are susceptibility
45
Q

What is the difference between Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic Therapy?

A
  • Bactericidal: KILLS the organism
  • Bacterostatic: stops replication WITHOUT KILLING the organism`\
46
Q

What are the 3 primary reasons that someone may need to use combination therapy for an infection?

A
  • Broaden Spectrum Coverage
  • Synergistric Bactericidal Activity [KILLING POWER]
  • Preventing Emergence of resistance
47
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of Combination therapy?

A
  • Increased Cost
  • Increased Toxicity
  • Superinfection
  • Antagonism
48
Q

What is the criteria for selecting antimicrobial therapy?

A
  • Efficacy
  • In Vitro Activity
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Drug Interactions
  • Cost
49
Q

What is important to know about Efficacy in selecting antimicrobial therapy?

A
  • Basically looking at clinical trials to see how “effective” it is
50
Q

What is important to know about In Vitro Microbiological Activity?

A
  • Spectrum of activity = MUST KNOW
51
Q

What is the important to know about Pharmacokinetics in selecting antimicrobial therpay?

A
  • ADME
  • Tissue Distribution: Intra v Extracellular [mircodialysis - “typical” = Intra; “atypical” = Extra]
52
Q

What is the important things to know about pharmacodynamics in selecting antimicrobial therapy?

A
  • Understanding the effects of drugs & their mechanisms of action
53
Q

Within monitoring clincial responses, what are some of the Oral Agents that have good bioavailavilty?

A
  • Augmentin
  • Cephalexin
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Linezoild
  • Bactrim
  • Metronidazole
  • Doxycycline
  • Clindamycin
  • Etc

PHRM 865: Theraputics V (7 decks)

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