Antibiotic resistance in healthcare Flashcards
What is Sepsis?
Severe reaction to infection
What does sepsis cause?
Immune system become dysregulated and goes into overdrive
- Slurred speech
- Extreme shivering/muscle pain
- Passing no urine
- Severe breathlessness
- Discoloured/mottled skine
What machine can be used to run blood culture and identify pathogens?
MALDI-TOF
What is a UTI?
Urinary tract infecion - infection to the bladder, kidneys or tubes
What is CRP?
C reactive protein
What is U&E?
Urea and eletrolytes
What is LFT?
Liver function tests
Who is more susceptible to Urinary Tract Infection?
- Catheter
- Medical conditions (e.g kidney stones)
- Bladder not emptying fully
- Babies
- Women more likely ovr men
How is Catheter associated UTI caused?
- Organsims colonise catheter
- Biofil on catheter
- Gain access to blader
- Infecttion occurs rather than bloodstream infection
What is biofilm role in medical device infection?
Microorganism (planktonics) attached to an inert or living surface
What virulence factors does Klebsiella have?
- Heathcare-associated pathogen
- Capsule – protects against neutrophils
- Siderophores – iron uptake
- Lipopolysaccharide – protects against complement, toxin
- Fimbriae – biofilm
+ plasmids and transposons to spread the genes for these between different bacteria
What are transposable genetic elements?
- AMR and virulence genes
- Transposons
- Integrons
- Plasmids
What are Healthcare Associated Infection (HCAI) patient risk factors
- Immunosuppression (disease or treatment)
- Normal protective barriers breached (e.g surgical wounds, medical devices e.g catheters)
- Frail, co-morbidities
What allows spread in a hosptial environment?
- Patients close together
- Staff having many patients
- Sharing equipment
- Contamination of environment (e.g water)
What is the chain of infection?
- Infectious agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
How is healthcare associated infection prevented?
- Patient level (devices, wound care, optimise physiology)
- Transmission in hospital (clean environment, isolation, screening, deciated IPC team, careful staff)
What is screening?
Sampling from patient without symptoms
- Looking for specific pathogens
- Make choice to prevent spread or antibiotic desicion
- Lab analyses the samples
What is purpose of beta-lactam antibiotic?
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Where does Cephalosporin antibiotics come from?
Cephalosporium fungus
What is congjugation (bacterial sex)?
Spreads to a new speicies
What is Epidmiology?
Study of a disease in a population
How was selection of antibiotics for CTX-M 13 gene done?
Via agriculture
How did Klebsiella spread in human population?
- Food
- Person to person
- Healthcare
- Clinical use of antibiotics
What is the function of microbiomes in mammals?
- Digest and absorb food
- Neurotransmitters
- Protect from infection
- Regulate immune system
