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Pharmacology > Antibiotic Meds > Flashcards

Antibiotic Meds Flashcards

1
Q

List some signs of infection

A

Fever, chills, sweats, redness, pain & swelling at the site, fatigue, weight loss, elevated WBC

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2
Q

Classify bacteria into 3 categories according to their shape

A

Coccus, Bacillus, and Spirochete

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3
Q

Describe culture reports and sensitivity reports

A

Culture: gram + or - , shape, and name of bacteria

Sensitivity: R (resistant) or S (sensitive)

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4
Q

List the 4 most common mechanisms of action of antibiotics

A
  1. Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
  2. Lethal/non-lethal inhibition of bacterial protein
  3. inhibition of DNA synthesis
  4. anti-metabolites
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5
Q

Compare prophylactic therapy with empiric therapy

A

prophylactic: prevention of infection (before procedure)

empiric: infection present

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6
Q

List the 4 major subclasses of beta-lactam antibiotics

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Carbapenems
  4. Monobactams

These subclasses may give cross-allergy!

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7
Q

Classify penicillin into 4 groups with examples of each

A
  1. narrow-spectrum + penicillinase sensitive (penicillin G and V)
  2. narrow-spectrum + penicillinase resistant (Nafcillin, Oxacillin, etc.)
  3. broad-spectrum (ampicillin, amoxicillin)
  4. extended -spectrum (piperacillin)
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8
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of penicillin

A

P: penetrate cell wall & bind to protein
C: cell wall becomes weak and leaky
L: lysis

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9
Q

Define the role of the beta-lactamases

A

enzymes produced by bacteria that inactivate penicillin

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10
Q

List 3 drugs that inhibit the beta-lactamases

A
  • clavulanic acid
  • sulbactam
  • tazobactam
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11
Q

Name 4 examples of drugs that are combinations of penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors

A

Amoxicillin + CA
Ticarcillin + CA
Ampicillin + sulbactam = Unasyn
Piperacillin + tazobactam

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12
Q

Specify the therapeutic indication of penicillin

A

treat gram-positive bacteria

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13
Q

Identify 5 symptoms of allergic reaction with penicillin

A

hives, rash, itching, angioedema, and sometimes anaphylaxis

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14
Q

List 3 alternative antibiotics for patients with penicillin allergy

A

Vancomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin

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15
Q

Compare 5 generations of cephalosporins

A

1-2: not effective in CSF
3-5: effective!

  1. gram positive only
  2. gram negative too!
  3. first choice for meningitis
  4. hospital-associated pneumonias
  5. MRSA
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16
Q

List an example of 5 generations of cephalosporins

A
  1. cephalexin
  2. cefoxitin
  3. cefotaxime
  4. cefepime
  5. ceftaroline
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17
Q

Specify 4 adverse effects of cephalosporin

A
  1. allergic reactions
  2. bleeding (cefotetan& ceftriaxon can interfere with VK metabolism)
  3. thrombophlebitis
  4. hemolytic anemia
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18
Q

Describe the interaction of cephalosporin & alcohol

A

Disulfiram-like effect (severe flushing, tachycardia, hypotension)

Do not mix with alcohol!

19
Q

List 4 example of carbapenems

A

end in “-penem”
Imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, doripenem

very broad spectrum!

20
Q

Describe monobactams and identify the adverse effects

A

narrow-spectrum (only gram negative)
must be given IV –> risk of thrombophlebitis

21
Q

Describe the indications of vancomycin

A
  • used for treating C. diff and MRSA
  • alternative for penicillin allergy
22
Q

List 3 adverse effects of vancomycin

A

allergic reaction, red man syndrome, renal toxicity

23
Q

Identify 5 signs of red man syndrome

A

flushing, rash, severe itching, tachycardia, hypotension

24
Q

Specify the measure to prevent red man syndrome

A

infuse slowly, pre-medicate with Tylenol and diphenhydramine

25
Q

Describe tetracyclines and specify 3 uses

A

Bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis
Used to treat acne, peptic ulcer disease, periodontal disease

26
Q

List some adverse effects of tetracycline

A
  • esophageal erosion
  • superinfection
  • calcium deposit on teeth
  • suppress long bone growth in premature infants
  • hepato, nephrotoxicity
  • photosensitivity!!!
27
Q

List 3 examples of macrolides

A

Azithromycin (Z-pack)
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin

28
Q

Specify the indications of erythromycin

A

It mostly hits gram-positive bacteria (whooping cough, chlamydia)

Alternative to penicillin

29
Q

2 adverse effects of erythromycin

A
  • GI distress
  • risk of cardiac QT prolongation
30
Q

Specify the indications of clindamycin

A

Active against gram + and -
- serious anaerobic infections outside CNS
- severe group A streptococcus
- alternative to penicillin

31
Q

2 adverse effects of clindamycin

A
  • C. diff (4-6 weeks after you stopped)
  • erosive esophagitis
32
Q

Specify 4 therapeutic indications of linezolid

A

Keep it for severe infection!
- VRE, MRSA
- strep community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
- strep aureus infection

33
Q

List 3 adverse effects of linezolid

A
  • GI distress
  • myelosuppression –> pancytopenia!
  • rare peripheral neuropathy
34
Q

Describe therapeutic use and adverse effect of Dalfopristin/quinupristin

A
  • used for VRE
  • hepatotoxicity –> watch for ALT (more specific for liver enzymes!)
35
Q

List 3 examples of aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin

36
Q

Describe aminoglycosides

A
  • bactericidal inhibitor of bacterial protein
  • must be given IV or IM
  • serum levels should be monitored (peak & trough)
37
Q

Specify 2 adverse effects of aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

38
Q

Describe sulfonamides

A
  • bacteriostatic
  • widespread resistance to sulfonamides
  • primarily used for UTI
39
Q

Explain the reason sulfonamides are not given to infants less than 2 months age

A

Due to risk of kernicterus (elevated bilirubin causing brain damage)

40
Q

Explain the importance for patients on sulfonamides to drink enough fluids

A

Sulfonamides may cause crystalline aggregates in renal system

41
Q

3 adverse reactions of sulfonamides

A
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
  • hematologic effects (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)
42
Q

List 2 uses of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

A
  • UTI
  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
43
Q

Specify 2 adverse effects of trimethoprim

A
  • hyperkalemia
  • birth defects

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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