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Antibiotics 101 > Antibiotic Classes > Flashcards

Antibiotic Classes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main ways antibiotics kill bacteria?

A

Acting on the bacteria cell wall
Acting on the bacterial ribosome
Acting on bacterial DNA

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2
Q

Antibiotics are “selectively toxic”, what does this mean?

A

They kill bacteria without damaging host cells

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3
Q

What does bactericidal mean?

A

Kills bacteria

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4
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria

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5
Q

What does narrow spectrum mean?

A

Antibiotic acts on a limited range of bacteria

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6
Q

What does broad spectrum mean?

A

Antibiotic acts on a wide range of gram +ve and -ve bacteria

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7
Q

Where in the GI tract are antibiotics absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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8
Q

Which 3 classes of antibiotics act on the cell wall?

A

Penicillins
Glycopeptides
Cephalosporins

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9
Q

How are penicillins excreted from the body?

A

Via the kidneys (rapidly)

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10
Q

Are penicillins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

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11
Q

If an antibiotic contains “cilia” it’s name, which antibiotic class does it belong to?

A

Penicillins!

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12
Q

How do penicillins kill bacteria?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)

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13
Q

If antibiotics contains “ceph” or “cef” in it’s name, is it a ….?

A

Cephalosporin

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14
Q

How do cephalosporins kill bacteria?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan (bactericidal)

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15
Q

How are cephalosporins excreted?

A

Via kidneys and urine

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16
Q

Are cephalosporins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How do glycopeptides kill bacteria?

A

Binds to the end of the growing pentapetide chain during peptidoglycan synthesis, preventing cross-linking and weakening the bacterial cell wall

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18
Q

How are glycopeptides administered?

A

IV

Not absorbed orally

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19
Q

Give examples of glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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20
Q

How are glycopeptides excreted?

A

Via kidneys and urine

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21
Q

Why should precautions be taken when prescribing vancomycin for patients with kidney failure?

A

Toxic levels of vancomycin can build up in the blood of patients with kidney failure causing further kidney damage

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22
Q

Vancomycin is only active against gram +ve or -ve?

A

Gram +ve

NO activity against Gram -ve

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23
Q

Vancomycin can only be given orally for which infection?

A

C. Diff

acts topically on the gut lumen

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24
Q

Name 3 classes of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

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25
Q

How do antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Attach to bacterial ribosomes
Protein synthesis can resume when antibiotic is removed (bacteriostatic= inhibits growth but does not kill bacteria, bacteria then killed by WBC)

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26
Q

Why are ahminoglycosides the exception to the rule for antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycoside group bind to ribosomes which is lethal

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27
Q

Give examples of macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Clarythromycin
Azithromycin

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28
Q

How are macrolides excreted?

A

Via the liver, biliary tract and guy

not urine

29
Q

Macrolides are useful for treating infections that “hide” from the host’s immune system, how?

A

Macrolides are lipophilic and can pass through cell membranes easily to attack the bacteria hiding in the host’s cells

30
Q

Which macrolide is safe for pregnancy?

A

Erythromycin

31
Q

Give an example of an aminoglycoside

A

Gentamicin

32
Q

How should gentamicin be administered?

A

IV

Not absorbed by gut

33
Q

How does gentamicin kill bacteria?

A

Binds to ribosomes inhibiting protein synthesis but also bactericidal

34
Q

Which antibiotic is mainly active against Gram negative?

A

Gentamicin

35
Q

Which antibiotic is used for coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

36
Q

Which antibiotic can be used for pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Gentamicin

37
Q

How is gentamicin excreted?

A

Urine

38
Q

How are tetracyclines excreted?

A

Liver and biliary system

39
Q

Why should tetracyclines not be given to under 12s?

A

Stains their teeth

40
Q

Which antibiotic can be used against “true” anaerobes?

A

Clindamycin

41
Q

Name two other antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Clindamycin and chloramphenicol

42
Q

Give an example of a tetracycline

A

Doxycycline

43
Q

What can doxycycline be used to treat?

A

Some chest + skin infections for pts with Pen allergy

Treating bacteria without a proper cell wall (atypical pneumonias)

44
Q

Name 3 antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA

A

Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluoroquinolones

45
Q

How do antibiotics act on bacterial DNA?

A

Acts by causing strand breakage of bacterial DNA

46
Q

Metronidazole can treat?

A

Infection caused by “true” anaerobes

Some infections caused by protozoa (single-celled parasites)

47
Q

What is the mode of action for fluoroquinolones?

A 
Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis 
Inhibits topoisomerase (enzymes responsible for the supercoiling and uncoiling of DNA), thus bacteria can no longer replicate
48
Q

Are fluoroquinolone bactericidal?

A

Yes

49
Q

Which antibiotics are the only antibiotics that can be given orally to treat Pseudomonas infection?

A

Fluoroquinolones

50
Q

How are fluoroquinolones excreted?

A

Urine

51
Q

Give examples of fluoroquinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

52
Q

How can you use ciprofloxacin to treat?

A

Complicated UTIs

Sometimes UTIs in younger men (<60y/o)

53
Q

What must levofloxacin only be used to treat?

A

ONLY for severe community-acquired pneumonia in Pen allergy pts

54
Q

What are the 3 forms of penicillin available?

A

Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G, IV)
Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V, oral)
Long-acting penicillin (IM)

55
Q

Which penicillin treats Gram positive?

A

Flucloxacillin

56
Q

Which penicillins treat Gram negative?

A

Amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav
Tazocin (Piperacillin/Tazobactam)

57
Q

Which organisms is flucloxacillin only used for due to a very narrow spectrum?

A

Staph and Strep ONLY

58
Q

Which penicillin is the most commonly prescribed?

A

Flucloxacillin as staph and strep are skin infections

59
Q

What infections does flucloxacillin treat?

A

Skin and soft tissue
Wound infection
Cellulitis (soft tissues under the skin)
Staph. aureus infections

60
Q

How is amoxicillin administered?

A

Can be given orally as this is well-absorbed

61
Q

How effective is amoxicillin compared to other penicillins?

A

Less effective over the years, many organisms produce beta-lactamase (enzyme that destroys beta- lactam ring)

62
Q

What is co-amoxiclav a combination of?

A

Combination of amoxicillin (antibiotic) + clavulanic acid (beta-lactamase inhibitor)
This combination extends the range of bacteria that can be treated

63
Q

What is tazocin a combination of?

A

Piperacillin (antibiotic) + Tazobactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor)

AKA pip-tazobactam

64
Q

How can tazocin only be administered?

A

IV not absorbed orally

65
Q

Pip-tazobactam will treat which type of bacteria?

A

Gram negative including pseudomonas

66
Q

Name a 1st gen cephalosporin

A

Cefalexin (UTI)

67
Q

Name a 2nd gen cephalosporin

A

Cefuroxime (used very little)

68
Q

Name 3rd gen cephalosporins

A

Cefixime (Gonorrhoea)
Ceftriaxone (meningitis)
Ceftazidime (Pseudomonas sp)

69
Q

What can macrolides been used for treating?

A 
Intracellular organisms (e.g. Legionella infection)
Bacteria without a proper cell wall (mycoplasma and chlamydia)

Antibiotics 101 (16 decks)

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