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Pharmacology > Antibacterial Drugs: Sulfonamides > Flashcards

Antibacterial Drugs: Sulfonamides Flashcards

1
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite

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2
Q

antibacterial

A

active against bacteria

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3
Q

antibiotic

A

term used synonymously with antibacterial

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4
Q

aplastic anemia

A

blood disorder caused by damage to the bone marrow resulting in a marked reduction in the number of red blood cells and some white blood cells.

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5
Q

bactericidal

A

drug or agent that destroys or kills bacteria

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6
Q

bacteriostatic

A

drug or agent that slows or retards the multiplication of bacteria

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7
Q

crystalluria

A

formation of crystals in the urine

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8
Q

leukopenia

A

decrease in the number of leukocytes

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9
Q

pruritus

A

itching

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10
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

A

fever, cough, muscular aches and pains, headache, and lesions of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes; the lesions appear as red wheals or blisters, often starting on the face, in the mouth, or on the lips, neck, and extremities.

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11
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of a cavity opening, such as the oral cavity

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12
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

decreased number of platelets in the blood

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13
Q

toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

A

toxic skin reaction with sloughing of skin and mucous membranes

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14
Q

urticaria

A

hives; itchy wheals on the skin resulting from contact with or ingestion of an allergenic substance or food

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15
Q

To determine if a specific type of bacteria is sensitive to an antibiotic drug, what type of test is performed?

A

culture and sensitivity

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16
Q

How is a culture performed?

A

By placing infectious material obtained from areas such as the skin, respiratory tract, and blood on a culture plate that contains a special growing medium. this growing medium is “food” for the bacteria. After a specified time, the bacteria are examined under a microscope and identified.

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17
Q

What does the sensitivity test involve? How is it determined?

A

Placing the infectious material on a separate culture plate and then placing small disks impregnated with various antibiotics over the area. After a specified time, the culture plate is examined.
If there is little or no growth around a disk, the bacteria are considered sensitive to that particular antibiotic. Therefore, the infection will be controlled by that antibiotic. If there is considerable growth around the disk, then the bacteria are considered resistant to that particular antibiotic, and the infection will not be controlled by the antibiotic.

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18
Q

Sulfonamides are commonly called:

A

sulfa drugs

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19
Q

Sulfonamides

A

antibacterial agents

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20
Q

Sulfonamide examples

A

sulfadiazine and sulfamethizole

21
Q

Sulfonamides are primarily bacteriostatic because:

A

the drug only inhibits the activity of folic acid in bacterial cell metabolism.

22
Q

With the use of sulfonamides, once the rate of bacterial multiplication is slowed, the body’s own defense mechanisms (the white blood cells) are able to:

A

rid the body of the invading microorganisms and therefore control the infection.

23
Q

The sulfonamides are well absorbed by the ___________ and excreted by the ________________.

A

gastrointestinal (GI) system; kidneys.

24
Q

They are often used to control infections caused by both _______________ & ____________________, such as:

A

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species.

25
Q

How does sulfasalazine treat ulcerative colitis?

A

By interacting with the intestinal bacteria and helping to inhibit the inflammatory process.

26
Q

Sulfonamides are often used in the treatment of infections, such as:

A

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Acute otitis media
Ulcerative colitis
Bacterial skin and eye infections

27
Q

Mafenide (Sulfamylon) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) are:

A

topical sulfonamides used in the treatment and prevention of infections in second- and third- degree burns.

28
Q

Gastrointestinal system reactions with sulfonamides:

A

nausea, vomiting, anorexia
diarrhea, abdominal pain
stomatitis

29
Q

Other sulfonamide reactions:

A

chills, fever,
crystalluria
photosensitivity
urticaria
pruritus
generalized skin eruptions
severe reactions leading to potentially lethal conditions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

30
Q

What is the most frequent adverse reaction seen with the topical application of sulfonamide?

A

Burning sensation or pain when the drug is applied to the skin.

31
Q

What are possible allergic reaction signs to sulfonamide?

A

Rash, itching, edema, and urticaria.

32
Q

The following hematologic changes may occur during prolonged sulfonamide therapy:

A

Leukopenia - a decrease in the number of white blood cells.

Thrombocytopenia - a decrease in the number of platelets.

Aplastic anemia - deficient red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

33
Q

Sulfonamides are contraindicated:

A

in clients with hypersensitivity to the sulfonamides, during lactation, and in children younger than 2 years. These drugs are not used near the end (at term) of pregnancy (Pregnancy Category D; otherwise, Pregnancy Category C).

34
Q

What may happen if sulfonamides are administered at the end of pregnancy?

A

Significantly high blood levels of the drug may occur, causing jaundice or hemolytic anemia in the neonate.

35
Q

Why are sulfonamides not used for infections caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci?

A

Because the sulfonamides have not been shown to be effective in preventing the complications of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.

36
Q

Sulfonamides are used with cautions in clients:

A

with renal impairment, hepatic impairment, or bronchial asthma. Also for those with allergies.

37
Q

Sulfonamide interaction with oral anticoagulant.

A

Increased action of the anticoagulant.

38
Q

Sulfonamide interaction with Methotrexate.

A

Increased bone marrow suppression.

39
Q

Sulfonamide interaction with Hydantoins.

A

Increased serum hydantoin level.

40
Q

When diabetic clients are prescribed sulfonamides, assess for:

A

a possible hypoglycemic reaction.

41
Q

Sulfonamides may disrupt the:

A

(hepatic) metabolism of the oral hypoglycemic drugs and the parenteral drugs which enhance insulin production.

42
Q

Persons taking sulfonamides need to increase fluid intake to at least ______________ to prevent:

A

2,000 mL; genitourinary problems caused by the drug. Because kidney function diminishes as we age, there is an increased danger of renal damage and fluid increase is even more important with the elderly.

43
Q

People taking sulfonamides should lessen ____________________ and take care to ___________________________.

A

outdoor activities; protect their skin while outdoors.

44
Q

sulfadiazine (sul-fa-DYE-a-zeen)

A

USES: UTIs, chancroid, acute otitis media, Haemophilus influenzae, and rheumatic fever.

ADVERSE REACTIONS: vomiting, headache, diarrhea, chills, fever, anorexia, crystalluria, stomatitis, urticaria, pruritus, hematologic changes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, nausea.

DOSAGE RANGES: Loading dose: 2-4 g orally; maintenance dose: 2-4 g/day orally in 4-6 divided doses.

45
Q

sulfasalazine (sul-fa-sal-a-zeen)

A

USES: UTI, acute otitis media, H. influenzae

ADVERSE REACTIONS: same as sulfadiazine; may cause skin and urine to turn orange-yellow

DOSAGE RANGES: initial therapy: 1-4 g/day orally in divided doses; maintenance dose: 2 g/day orally in evenly spaced doses (500 mg QID)

46
Q

trimethoprim (TMP) (trye-meth-oh-prim) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) (sul-fa-meth-OKS-a-zole)
___

Bactrim, Bactrim DS, Septra, Septra DS

URINARY ANTI-INFECTIVE COMBINATIONS

A

USES: Acute bacterial UTI, acute otitis media, traveler’s diarrhea caused by E. coli

ADVERSE REACTIONS: headache, GI disturbances, allergic skin reactions, hematologic changes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, anorexia, glossitis

DOSAGE RANGES: 160 mg TMP/800 mg SMZ orally every 12 hr; 8-10 mg/kg/day (based on TMP) IV in 2-4 divided doses

47
Q

mafenide (ma-fe-nide)
___

Sulfamylon

TOPICAL SULFONAMIDE

A

USES: second- and third-degree burns

ADVERSE REACTIONS: pain or burning sensation, rash, itching, facial edema

DOSAGE RANGES: apply to burned area 1-2 times/day

48
Q

silver sulfadiazine (sil-ver sul-fa-dye-a-zeen)
___

Silvadene, Thermazene, SSD (cream)

A

USES: same as mafenide

ADVERSE REACTIONS: leukopenia, skin necrosis, skin discoloration, burning sensation

DOSAGE RANGES: same as mafenide

49
Q

Sulfonamides are used primarily for:

A

UTIs and as topical preparations.

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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