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Pharmacology > Antibacterial drugs > Flashcards

Antibacterial drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What drug classes are Cell wall inhibitors of bacteria?

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems

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2
Q

What enzyme do cell wall inhibitors target?

A

Transpeptidase (PBP)

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3
Q

What do we use to prevent degradation of Penicillins?

A

Clavulanate potassium, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

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4
Q

What enzyme produced by bacteria inactivates Penicillins?

A

B-lactamase

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5
Q

Amoxicillin + Clavulanate potassium = ?

A

Augmentin

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6
Q

What do we use for anaphylactic shock from penicillin?

A

Epinephrine

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7
Q

What are some common Penicillins?

A

Penicillin G, Penicillin VK, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

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8
Q

What organisms does Penicillin G act on and how is it given?

A

Gram positive bactera, Parenterally

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9
Q

What organisms does Penicillin VK act on and how is it given?

A

Gram positive bactera, Orally

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10
Q

How many cephalosporin generations do we have?

A

5

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11
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins act against gram positive bacteria? What is the drug name?

A

1, Cephalexin

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12
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins can cross the BBB?

A

3, 4

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13
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins act against gram negative bacteria mostly?

A

2, 3

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14
Q

What are the drugs in the second generation of cephalosporins?

A

Cefaclor, Cefoxitin

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15
Q

What are the drugs in the third generation of cephalosporins?

A

Cefotaxime, Cefixime, Cefdinir

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16
Q

What are the drugs in the fourth generation of cephalosporins?

A

Cefepime

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17
Q

What are the drugs in the fifth generation of cephalosporins?

A

Ceftaroline

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18
Q

What do we avoid when using cephalosporins?

A

Alcohol, Anticoagulants, Antacids

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19
Q

What drug class do we use for very resistant strains?

A

Carbapenems because they are very resistant to beta-lactamase

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20
Q

What drug classes do we use for MRSA infections?

A

Fifth generation cephalosporins (Beta lactams) and Vancomycin (Glycopeptide)

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21
Q

What are some side effects of Vancomycin (Glycopeptide)?

A

Ototoxicity (hearing loss), Nephrotoxicity, and the need to constantly monitor plasma levels

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22
Q

What bacteria does Vancomycin act on?

A

Gram positive bacteria

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23
Q

What do we need to be wary of with Carbapenems?

A

High tissue penetration including CNS (Can be used for CNS infections)

24
Q

What is the MOA of Vancomycin?

A

Dual mechanism, binds to precursors of cell wall and inhibits RNA synthesis

25
Q

What drug class are Cell membrane inhibitors?

A

Polymyxins B and E (Colistemethate)

26
Q

What is the MOA of Polymyxin B?

A

Binds to phospholipids and alters permeability of cell membrane so stuff leak out

27
Q

How is Polymyxin B administered?

A

Injection or topically, Intrathecal in meningeal infections

28
Q

Which cell membrane disruptor acts against both gram + and - bacteria?

A

Polymyxin B, usually for serious infections

29
Q

What are some side effects of Polymyxins?

A

Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity / Caution in pregnancy

30
Q

Which cell membrane disruptor acts against gram - bacteria?

A

Polymyxin E (Colistemethate)

31
Q

What is the MOA of Polymyxin E?

A

Penetrates and disrupts bacterial cell membrane, Injection

32
Q

What do we avoid on Vancomycin and Bactrim?

33
Q

Why don’t folate synthesis inhibitors affect humans?

A

Because humans don’t have the PABA and pteridine precursors that form the folic acid in bacteria

34
Q

Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim = ?

A

Cotrimoxazole / Bactrim (Brand name)

35
Q

In what ratio are Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim used?

A

5:1 for S/T

36
Q

What are some side effects of Bactrim?

A

Crystalluria (drink more water), more severe effects in AIDS and sulfa allergy patients

37
Q

Which protein synthesis inhibitors inhibit 30S subunit?

A

Aminoglycoside, Tetracyclines (AT)

38
Q

Which protein synthesis inhibitors inhibit 50S subunit?

A

Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Linezolid, Lindamycin (CELL)

39
Q

What are the 5 aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin, Amikacin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin

40
Q

What drug do we use for TB?

A

Streptomycin

41
Q

What are side effects of Aminoglycosides?

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, avoid drugs that cause these and monitor levels constantly

42
Q

What is the Tetracycline drug?

A

Doxycycline

43
Q

What is the indication for Tetracyclines?

A

Gram + and - infections and malaria prophylaxis if malaria is Chloroquine resistant

44
Q

What is the MOA of macrolides?

A

Inhibit 50S subunit in prokaryotes - and +

45
Q

What are the 2 macrolides?

A

Erythromycin and Azithromycin

46
Q

What drugs are indicated for community acquired pneumonia?

A

Macrolides

47
Q

What are some side effects of macrolides?

A

Qt prolongation so we avoid Qt prolonging drugs

48
Q

What is the MOA of Oxazolidinones?

A

Inhibit 50S subunit (Linezolid)

49
Q

What are Oxazolidinones indicated for?

A

Gram + infections, MRSA infections, VRE infections

50
Q

What is the MOA for Lincosamides?

A

Inhibit 50S subunit

51
Q

What are Lincosamides indicated for?

A

Penicillin allergies in serious infections / Gram + and - bacteria

52
Q

What is the Lincosamide drug?

A

Clindamycin, not good for CNS infections

53
Q

What is the MOA of Fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibit topoisomerase 2 and 4 to prevent DNA synthesis

54
Q

What are the Fluoroquinolone drugs?

A

Anything that ends with -Floxacin

55
Q

Which FQ drug is for respiratory infections?

A

Gemifloxacin

56
Q

What are FQ side effects?

A

Tendonitis and Tendon ruptures

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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