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Antibacterial drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What drug classes are Cell wall inhibitors of bacteria?

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems

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2
Q

What enzyme do cell wall inhibitors target?

A

Transpeptidase (PBP)

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3
Q

What do we use to prevent degradation of Penicillins?

A

Clavulanate potassium, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

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4
Q

What enzyme produced by bacteria inactivates Penicillins?

A

B-lactamase

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5
Q

Amoxicillin + Clavulanate potassium = ?

A

Augmentin

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6
Q

What do we use for anaphylactic shock from penicillin?

A

Epinephrine

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7
Q

What are some common Penicillins?

A

Penicillin G, Penicillin VK, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

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8
Q

What organisms does Penicillin G act on and how is it given?

A

Gram positive bactera, Parenterally

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9
Q

What organisms does Penicillin VK act on and how is it given?

A

Gram positive bactera, Orally

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10
Q

How many cephalosporin generations do we have?

A

5

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11
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins act against gram positive bacteria? What is the drug name?

A

1, Cephalexin

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12
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins can cross the BBB?

A

3, 4

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13
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins act against gram negative bacteria mostly?

A

2, 3

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14
Q

What are the drugs in the second generation of cephalosporins?

A

Cefaclor, Cefoxitin

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15
Q

What are the drugs in the third generation of cephalosporins?

A

Cefotaxime, Cefixime, Cefdinir

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16
Q

What are the drugs in the fourth generation of cephalosporins?

A

Cefepime

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17
Q

What are the drugs in the fifth generation of cephalosporins?

A

Ceftaroline

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18
Q

What do we avoid when using cephalosporins?

A

Alcohol, Anticoagulants, Antacids

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19
Q

What drug class do we use for very resistant strains?

A

Carbapenems because they are very resistant to beta-lactamase

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20
Q

What drug classes do we use for MRSA infections?

A

Fifth generation cephalosporins (Beta lactams) and Vancomycin (Glycopeptide)

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21
Q

What are some side effects of Vancomycin (Glycopeptide)?

A

Ototoxicity (hearing loss), Nephrotoxicity, and the need to constantly monitor plasma levels

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22
Q

What bacteria does Vancomycin act on?

A

Gram positive bacteria

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23
Q

What do we need to be wary of with Carbapenems?

A

High tissue penetration including CNS (Can be used for CNS infections)

24
Q

What is the MOA of Vancomycin?

A

Dual mechanism, binds to precursors of cell wall and inhibits RNA synthesis

25
What drug class are Cell membrane inhibitors?
Polymyxins B and E (Colistemethate)
26
What is the MOA of Polymyxin B?
Binds to phospholipids and alters permeability of cell membrane so stuff leak out
27
How is Polymyxin B administered?
Injection or topically, Intrathecal in meningeal infections
28
Which cell membrane disruptor acts against both gram + and - bacteria?
Polymyxin B, usually for serious infections
29
What are some side effects of Polymyxins?
Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity / Caution in pregnancy
30
Which cell membrane disruptor acts against gram - bacteria?
Polymyxin E (Colistemethate)
31
What is the MOA of Polymyxin E?
Penetrates and disrupts bacterial cell membrane, Injection
32
What do we avoid on Vancomycin and Bactrim?
Vaccines
33
Why don't folate synthesis inhibitors affect humans?
Because humans don't have the PABA and pteridine precursors that form the folic acid in bacteria
34
Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim = ?
Cotrimoxazole / Bactrim (Brand name)
35
In what ratio are Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim used?
5:1 for S/T
36
What are some side effects of Bactrim?
Crystalluria (drink more water), more severe effects in AIDS and sulfa allergy patients
37
Which protein synthesis inhibitors inhibit 30S subunit?
Aminoglycoside, Tetracyclines (AT)
38
Which protein synthesis inhibitors inhibit 50S subunit?
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Linezolid, Lindamycin (CELL)
39
What are the 5 aminoglycosides?
Gentamicin, Amikacin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin
40
What drug do we use for TB?
Streptomycin
41
What are side effects of Aminoglycosides?
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, avoid drugs that cause these and monitor levels constantly
42
What is the Tetracycline drug?
Doxycycline
43
What is the indication for Tetracyclines?
Gram + and - infections and malaria prophylaxis if malaria is Chloroquine resistant
44
What is the MOA of macrolides?
Inhibit 50S subunit in prokaryotes - and +
45
What are the 2 macrolides?
Erythromycin and Azithromycin
46
What drugs are indicated for community acquired pneumonia?
Macrolides
47
What are some side effects of macrolides?
Qt prolongation so we avoid Qt prolonging drugs
48
What is the MOA of Oxazolidinones?
Inhibit 50S subunit (Linezolid)
49
What are Oxazolidinones indicated for?
Gram + infections, MRSA infections, VRE infections
50
What is the MOA for Lincosamides?
Inhibit 50S subunit
51
What are Lincosamides indicated for?
Penicillin allergies in serious infections / Gram + and - bacteria
52
What is the Lincosamide drug?
Clindamycin, not good for CNS infections
53
What is the MOA of Fluoroquinolones?
Inhibit topoisomerase 2 and 4 to prevent DNA synthesis
54
What are the Fluoroquinolone drugs?
Anything that ends with -Floxacin
55
Which FQ drug is for respiratory infections?
Gemifloxacin
56
What are FQ side effects?
Tendonitis and Tendon ruptures

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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