Anti-social behavior: Symptoms, causes, and treatments.

Question 1

Aspd symptoms

Answer 1

Behavior that conflicts with social norms
disregarding or violating the rights of others
inability to distinguish between right and wrong
difficulty with showing remorse or empathy
tendency to lie often
manipulating and hurting others
recurring problems with the law
general disregard toward safety and responsibility
expressing anger and arrogance on a regular basis

Question 2

What emotions do ASPD have?

Answer 2

Recent studies have found that individuals with ASPD are able to feel anger and rage but unable to experience fear and dissatisfaction (Blair et al. 1997; Blair et al. 2002; Blair et al. 2006; Kosson 2002) and recognize the facial expression of anger more quickly and accurately than the expression of other emotions.

Question 3

What is conduct disorder

Answer 3

Conduct disorder refers to a group of behavioral and emotional problems characterized by a disregard for others. Children with conduct disorder have a difficult time following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. Their behavior can be hostile and sometimes physically violent.

Question 4

Is antisocial behavior more common in males?

Answer 4

Antisocial personality disorder affects more men than women. It’s not known why some people develop antisocial personality disorder, but both genetics and traumatic childhood experiences, such as child abuse or neglect, are thought to play a role.

Question 5

How common is aspd in the U.s?

Answer 5

Research suggests that ASPD affects about 1% to 4% of people in the U.S.

Question 6

When does ASPD develop?

Answer 6

ASPD begins early in life, usually by age 8 years. Diagnosed as conduct disorder in childhood, the diagnosis converts to ASPD at age 18 if antisocial behaviours have persisted. While chronic and lifelong for most people with ASPD, the disorder tends to improve with advancing age.

Question 7

Are mortality rates higher in people with aspd?

Answer 7

Mortality rates are higherTrusted Source in people with ASPD because of their behavior patterns.

Question 8

Difference between sociopath vs psychopath

Answer 8

Sociopath is a term people use, often arbitrarily, to describe someone who is apparently without conscience, hateful, or hate-worthy. The term psychopath is used to convey a sociopath who is simply more dangerous, like a mass murderer.

Question 9

How much does genetics influences the transmission of aspd

Answer 9

According to a meta-analysis of 51 twin and adoption studies by Rhee and Waldman,12 additive genetic influences contribute 32 percent and nonadditive genetic influences contribute nine percent to the heritability of antisocial behavior.

Question 10

How much does genetics influence the development of aspd?

Answer 10

The pathophysiology of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) remains unclear. Although the most consistent biological finding is reduced grey matter volume in the frontal cortex, about 50% of the total liability to developing ASPD has been attributed to genetic factors.

Question 11

Medication to treat ASPD

Answer 11

antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or bupropion
antipsychotics
anticonvulsants

Question 12

Does ASPD cause anger?

Answer 12

Despite its immense interpersonal and societal impact, research on deregulated anger pales in comparison to that on other emotions. Patients with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) display among the highest levels of pathological anger.

Question 13

Who is most affected by ASPD?

Answer 13

Lifetime prevalence for ASPD is reported to range from 2% to 4% in men and from 0.5% to 1% in women. Prevalence peaks in people age 24 to 44 years and drops off in people 45 to 64 years.

Question 14

Do people with ASPD have manic episodes?

Answer 14

Patients with BD and ASPD in comorbidity showed early onset [58], a higher number of depressive and manic episodes [47], higher scores of depression [59] and psychosis [47], more aggressive [60], and impulsive [47,61] traits and more suicide attempts [47].

Question 15

How much of the general population exhibit one or more psychopathic traits?

Answer 15

One study found that about 29% of the general population exhibit one or more psychopathic traits, but only 0.6% are likely to fit the definition of a psychopath.

Question 16

Narcissism and psychopaths big five similarities and differences

Answer 16

Some experts believe that narcissism and psychopathy exist on the same personality continuum and that both narcissists and psychopaths tend to have low humility and agreeableness, yet only a psychopath also has low conscientiousness.6

Question 17

When does Aspd symptoms start to present and when does it peak?

Answer 17

Antisocial behaviors often have their onset before the age of 8, and in nearly 80% of ASPD cases, the subject will develop their first symptoms by age 11.[6] The prevalence of ASPD peaks in people age 24 to 44 years old, and often decreases in people age 45 to 64 years.[6]

Question 18

How many incarcerated people have aspd?

Answer 18

The study showed that the prevalence of ASPD was found to be 30.6% (95%CI: 25.6,35.9), which showed that a remarkable proportion of incarcerated in prison had experienced an ASPD.

Question 19

Why are people with aspd more likely to abuse substances?

Answer 19

ASPD is one of the personality disorders most likely to be associated with addiction.[19][20][21] This is due to their tendency towards impulsive and reckless decision making,[22][23][24] which puts them at risk of developing a substance abuse disorder,[25][26][27] prepulse inhibition deficiencies,[28] misuse of oral administrations,[29] drug overdoses,[30] blood-borne diseases, shorter periods of abstinence, drug use at earlier ages,[31] aggressive behavior,[32][33] impulsivity,[34][35][32] frequent illegal drug use, drug injections,[36][37] and difficult interpersonal relationships.

Question 20

Can people with ASPD be anxious?

Answer 20

North American community studies indicate that 34–54% of persons with ASPD have lifetime anxiety disorder (Goldstein et al., 2006, Goodwin and Hamilton, 2003, Lenzenweger et al., 2007, Sareen et al., 2004). This combination is associated with increased risks of major depression, substance misuse, and suicide attempts.

Question 21

What is the concept of theory of mind?

Answer 21

Theory of mind (ToM) is defined as the ability to understand and take into account another individual’s mental state or of “mind-reading” (Premack and Woodruff, 1978).

Question 22

Do people have a good or bad social cognition?

Answer 22

People with ASPD can have difficulty mentalizing, or understanding the mental state of others.[82][83] They also may display a perfectly intact theory of mind, or the ability to attribute a mental state to oneself and others, but an impaired ability to understand how another individual may be affected by an aggressive action. These factors possibly contribute to their aggressive and criminal behavior as well as their empathy deficits.[84] Despite this they may be adept at social cognition,[85] or the ability to process and store information about other people, which can contribute to an increased ability to manipulate others.[86][87]

Answer 23

In the specific genes that may be involved, one gene that has seen particular interest in its correlation with antisocial behavior is the gene that encodes for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine. Various studies examining the genes’ relationship to behavior have suggested that variants of the gene that results in less MAO-A being produced, such as the 2R and 3R alleles of the promoter region, have associations with aggressive behavior in men.[109][110] The association is also influenced by negative experience in early life, with children possessing a low-activity variant (MAOA-L) who experience such maltreatment being more likely to develop antisocial behavior than those with the high-activity variant (MAOA-H).[111][112] Even when environmental interactions (e.g. emotional abuse) are controlled for, a small association between MAOA-L and aggressive and antisocial behavior remains.

Question 24

What genes are associated with aspd?

Answer 24

The gene that encodes for the serotonin transporter (SCL6A4), a gene that is heavily researched for its associations with other mental disorders, is another gene of interest in antisocial behavior and personality traits. Genetic associations studies have suggested that the short “S” allele is associated with impulsive antisocial behavior and ASPD in the inmate population.[114] However, research into psychopathy find that the long “L” allele is associated with the Factor 1 traits of psychopathy, which describes its core affective (e.g. lack of empathy, fearlessness) and interpersonal (e.g. grandiosity, manipulativeness) personality disturbances.[115] This is suggestive of two different forms, one associated more with impulsive behavior and emotional dysregulation, and the other with predatory aggression and affective disturbance, of the disorder.

Question 25

Is low serotonin levels associated with aspd?

Answer 25

One of the neurotransmitters that has been discussed in individuals with ASPD is serotonin, also known as 5HT.[118] A meta-analysis of 20 studies found significantly lower 5-HIAA levels (indicating lower serotonin levels), especially in those who are younger than 30 years of age

Question 26

Where do aspd patients have less gray matter?

Answer 26

Antisocial behavior may be related to head trauma.[127] Antisocial behavior is associated with decreased grey matter in the right lentiform nucleus, left insula, and frontopolar cortex. Increased volumes have been observed in the right fusiform gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, right cingulate gyrus, and post central cortex.

Question 27

Is there a correlation between intelligence and psychopathy?

Answer 27

A review of studies found that the correlation between psychopathy and intelligence is nearly zero, suggesting that most people with psychopathic traits are neither highly intelligent nor particularly dull (O’Boyle, Forsyth, Banks, & Story, 2013).

Question 28

How are psychopaths intelligent?

Answer 28

Perhaps one of the reasons psychopaths appear more intelligent is their confidence in social situations. Psychopaths can quickly take charge and they also have a superficial charm. Both factors can lead us into thinking they are also highly intelligent — but not so, it is probably all bluster

Question 29

What is Cavum septi pellucidi (cavum septum pellucidum)?

Answer 29

The cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) is a small but important structure in the fetal brain. The CSP is a midline fluid-filled structure close to but distinct from the ventricular system. The cavum represents the actual space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the 2 thin septi pellucidi.

Question 30

What is the most difficult personality disorder to treat?

Answer 30

Treating antisocial personality disorder
But antisocial personality disorder is one of the most difficult types of personality disorders to treat. A person with antisocial personality disorder may also be reluctant to seek treatment and may only start therapy when ordered to do so by a court.

Question 31

Why is aspd so hard to treat?

Answer 31

ASPD is considered to be among the most difficult personality disorders to treat.[172][173][verification needed][174] Rendering an effective treatment for ASPD is further complicated due to the inability to look at comparative studies between psychopathy and ASPD due to differing diagnostic criteria, differences in defining and measuring outcomes and a focus on treating incarcerated patients rather than those in the community.[175] Because of their very low or absent capacity for remorse, individuals with ASPD often lack sufficient motivation and fail to see the costs associated with antisocial acts.[172

Question 32

Which therapies improve aspd symptoms?

Answer 32

There has been some research on the treatment of ASPD that indicated positive results for therapeutic interventions.[179] Psychotherapy, also known as “talk” therapy, has been found to help treat patients with ASPD.[180] Schema therapy is also being investigated as a treatment for ASPD.[181] A review by Charles M. Borduin features the strong influence of multisystemic therapy (MST) that could potentially improve this issue. However, this treatment requires complete cooperation and participation of all family members.