Anti-parasitic Drugs Chemo drugs

Question 1

Parasitic infections commonly grouped in three categories

(Only cover two, the third is Arthropoda/ticks

Answer 1

Protozoal

HelminTHIC

Question 2

3 Protozoal infections

Answer 2

Amebiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis

Question 3

Amebiasis

Answer 3

caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Fecal/ oral contamination of food , often in poor living conditions
Asymptomatic to Symptomatic( intestinal and extraintestinal, liver brain respiratory tract)

Question 4

Asymptomatic Amebias infection?

Answer 4

Diloxanide “will def be on exam”

Diloxanide is a luminal amebicide

Question 5

Mild or severe infection of Amebiasis

Answer 5

is Metronidazole followed with Diloxanide

mixed amebicide

Question 6

Diloxanide

Answer 6

90% excreted
10% absorbed
Luminal amebicide
Used for Asymtomatic therapy for Amebias

Question 7

Metronidazole(Flagyl)

Answer 7

Nitro group promoting formation of
intermediate compounds and free radicals
that are toxic to organisms

Long term neurotoxic
Avoid in first trimester of pregnancy
Not used alone
Used for symptomatic ambeias

Question 8

What is Leishmaniasis

Answer 8

Co-infection with HIV/AIDS
Primarily in Europe
Cutaneous- which causes skin sores( not too bad)
Visceral- which affects some internal organs (spleen, liver, and bone
marrow)
Therapy- Sodium Stibogluconate

Question 9

Drug choice for Leishamaniasis infection

Answer 9

Sodium stibogluconate

MOA: Causes parasite death by inhibiting glycolytic enzymes and fatty acid oxidation

Question 10

Trypanosomiasis

Answer 10

Sleeping sickness (!ME!)
Invades CNS and produces lethargy
Arrythmias and cardiomyopathy

Question 11

Treatment for Trypanosomiasis

Answer 11

Suramin in Africa sleeping sickness , causes parasite to lose energy
Kidney damage

Nifurtimox in American sleeping syndrome, reduced forms free radicals which attack and kill the parasite
may cause tumors

Question 12

Helminthic infections(Worms)

Answer 12

Nematodes (RoundWorms)
Trematodes (Flukes)
Cestodes(Tapeworms)

Increasing incidence due to travel
Cause of poor hygiene, fecal contamination food/water, poorly cooked meat and fish

Question 13

basic Nematodes and medicine names

Answer 13

Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)- Albendazole (only through CDC) or Mebendazole

Strongyloides stercolaris (Threadworm)- Ivermectin

Brugia malayi; Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis)- Diethylcarbamazine
Onchocerca volvulus- Ivermectin

Question 14

Mebendazole

Answer 14

NOT CONFUSE WITH METRONIDAZOLE
Inhibits microtubule formation in broad spectrum of nematodes, leading to
deterioration of nematodes
Contradicated with 1st trimester of Pregnancy
Caution in Liver disease, inflammatory disease

Side effects: Hematuria crystalluria

Used in Round/pineworms

Question 15

Pyrantel pamaote

Answer 15

Releases acetylcholine and inhibits cholinesterase acts as depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, paralyzing the worm(helminths)
Safe in pregnancy unlike Mebendazole
Used in Roundworm

Question 16

Diethylcarbmazine citrate

Answer 16

USED FIR FILARIS/ Brugia malayi ;Wuchereria
Changes the structures of microfilariae resulting in paralysis and more susceptible to host immune system
mazzotti reaction from the dying parasite -severe itching, rash, tachycardia, intense
headache

Question 17

Ivermectin

Answer 17

For Onchocerciasis and Strongyloidiasis(threadworm)
Increases permeability of parasite membrane to chloride ion, which HYPERPOLIZATION nerve and muscle and causes paralysis
May react to dying parasites – lymph node enlargement, arthralgia (Mazzotti-like)

Question 18

Medication for Trematodes(Flukes)

Answer 18

Praziquantel

Question 19

TapeWorms

Answer 19

Praziquantel or Niclosamide

Can travel from gut to brain, can be fatal

Question 20

Praziquantel side effects and MOA

Answer 20

Tapeworm treatment

Increases cell membrane permeability to calcium resulting in marked contraction followed by paralysis of fluke musculature

Malaise, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, lassitude and abdominal pain [caution with driving]

Question 21

Niclosamide

Answer 21

Most often used
Kills tapewrom segments on contact loosening them from the guy where they may then digested
ONLY USED FOR TAPEWORMS

Question 22

SIDE EFFECTS FOR ALL ANIT-PARASITIC DRUGS

Answer 22

N,V,D , flatulence and abdominal discomfort