Anti-microbials Flashcards
what is a beta-lactam anti-microbial?
give 3 examples
antimicrobials that are susceptible to beta-lactamases and therefore experience AMR. time dependant and inhibit cell wall synthesis
- penicillin
- cephalosporin
- carbapenems/monobactams
what are the 3 forms of penicillins?
- natural - narrow spectrum e.g. penicillin G
- semisynthetic - broad spectrum
- potentiated - added clavulanic acid that is a b-lactamase inhibitor
which generations of cephalosporins are b-lactamase resistant
3rd and 4th generations BUT these are CIAs
what are tetracyclines and give 3 examples
bacteriostatic, time dependent, broad spectrum antimicrobials
- doxycycline
- chlortetracycline
- oxytetracycline
what are amino glycosides? give 3 examples
what considerations need to be made with these anti-microbials?
bactericidal, concentration dependent, narrow spectrum (-ve and aerobic, good to combine with others)
- gentamicin
- streptomycin
- amikacin
they are nephrotoxic and ototoxic!
which 6 things do you need to considers before deciding which antimicrobial to prescribe?
- is antimicrobial treatment needed?
- what are the likely bacteria?
- is AMR going to be a factor?
- what is the narrowest, most appropriate spectrum?
- how is the antimicrobial distributed?
- other therapeutic considerations
what are chloramphenicol derivatives? give 2 examples
bacteriostatic, time dependent, very broad spectrum
- chloramphenicol
- florfenicol
give 2 anti-coccidial antimicrobials
- potentiated sulphonamides e.g. trimethoprim
2. glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
which two antimicrobials are seen as ‘drugs of last resort’?
- polymixins e.g. polymixin B, colistin
2. glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
which antimicrobial is not licensed in food producing animals and why?
nitromidazoles e.g. metronidazole
carcinogenic
when is used of a CIA indicated?
- culture and sensitivity
- likelihood of resistance
- failure of first line treatment
what is the main difference between macrolides and lincosamides? give examples of each type of antimicrobial
macrolides (erythromycin) are aerobic but lincosamides (clindamycin) are anaerobic
what are potentiated sulphonamides? give 2 examples
for which species is this the only licensed antimicrobial?
trimethoprim and fulfadiazine
- bactericidal
- time-dependent
- broad spectrum
HORSES
what are polymixins? give 2 examples
- concentration dependent
- narrow spectrum (gram-negative)
- systemically nephro/neuro toxic
polymixin B and colistin
what type of antimicrobial is metronidizole? list some of its properties
nitronimidizole
- bacteriocidal
- time-dependent
- narrow spectrum (anaerobes)
NOT FOR FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS
what is a time dependent antimicrobial?
give 3 examples
when you increase the antibiotic dose past the MIC and there is no effect on rate (only course length affects rate)
- beta-lactams
- tetracyclines
- macrolides
what are concentration dependent antimicrobials?
give 3 examples
when increasing the antibiotic past the MIC has an effect on rate (but length of time doesnt)
- aminoglycosides
- polymixins
- quinolones
which of the following antimicrobials are bactericidal?
- beta lactams
- cloramphenicol derivatives
- glycopeptides
- macrolides
- lincosamides
- potentiated sulphonamides
- tetracyclines
- aminoglycosides
- polymixins
- quinolones
- beta lactams ***
- cloramphenicol derivatives
- glycopeptides ***
- macrolides
- lincosamides
- potentiated sulphonamides ***
- tetracyclines
- aminoglycosides ***
- polymixins ***
- quinolones ***
what are the withdrawl periods for the following products?
- meat
- milk
- eggs
- fish
meat = 28 days
milk = 7 days
eggs = 7 days
fish = 500 degree days
which of the following antimicrobial are dose dependant (bactericidal/static) ?
- beta lactams
- cloramphenicol derivatives
- glycopeptides
- macrolides
- lincosamides
- potentiated sulphonamides
- tetracyclines
- aminoglycosides
- polymixins
- quinolones
- beta lactams
- cloramphenicol derivatives
- glycopeptides
- macrolides **
- lincosamides **
- potentiated sulphonamides
- tetracyclines
- aminoglycosides
- polymixins
- quinolones
which two antimicrobials are seen as ‘drugs of last resort’?
polymixins e.g. polymixin B, colistin
glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
which of the following antimicrobial are bacteriostatic?
- beta lactams
- cloramphenicol derivatives
- glycopeptides
- macrolides
- lincosamides
- potentiated sulphonamides
- tetracyclines
- aminoglycosides
- polymixins
- quinolones
- beta lactams
- cloramphenicol derivatives **
- glycopeptides
- macrolides
- lincosamides
- potentiated sulphonamides
- tetracyclines **
- aminoglycosides
- polymixins
- quinolones
what is a time dependent antimicrobial?
give 3 examples
when you increase the antibiotic dose past the MIC and there is no effect on rate (only course length affects rate)
- beta-lactams
- tetracyclines
- macrolides
