Anti-microbial resistance Flashcards
what are anti-microbial?
= term including all agents that act against micro-organisms, mainly bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa
what are anti-bacterials?
= act only on bacteria
wha are antibiotics?
= a drug that kills or inhibitors the growth of micro-organisms
define resistance?
= implies that an anti-microbial will NOT inhibit bacterial growth at clinical achievable concentrations
define susceptibility?
= implies that an anti-microbial WILL inhibit bacterial growth at clinically achievable concentrations
what does multi-drug resistance mean?
= non-susceptibility to at least 1 agents in 3 or more anti-microbial categories
what does extensive drug resistance (XDR) mean?
= non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent in all but 2 or fewer anti-microbial categories
what does pan-drug resistance (PDR) mean?
= non-susceptibility to all agents in all anti-microbial categories
what can resistance be?
= innate or acquired
what are 2 ways in which antibiotic resistance be acquired?
- vertical transmission
= bacterium accumulates error or mutations in its genome during replication
= these changes give the ability to resist antibiotics are are passed on to subsequent generations - horizontal transmission
= resistant genes are swapped from one microbe to another
what is anti-microbial stewardship”
= an organisational or healthcare system wide approach to promote and monitor judicious use of anti-microbial to preserve their future effectiveness
= the optimal selection, dosage and duration of anti-microbial treatment resulting in best clinical outcome
what causes anti-microbial resistance?
- no need for antibiotic use
- excessive amounts
- too broad spectrum
- too long duration
