Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergy, Immuno-suppressant Drugs: Module 11

Question 1

Anti-histamines:

• Compete with:
• Relieve symptoms of:
• Mast cells have high:

Answer 1

• Anti-histamines block histamine effects in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions) [diphenhydramine, chloropheniramine, fexofenadine, loratadine]
• Compete with histamine for H1 receptors; do not displace already bound histamine
• Relieve symptoms of allergy, do not give body immunity to allergen.
• Mast cells have high concentration of histamine

Question 2

Anti-histamines

-Decrease:

Reduce fluid:

Inhibits smooth:

-Relieves:

Answer 2

• Decrease dilation of small arterioles and tissue engorgement
• Reduce fluid leakage that causes edema
• Inhibits smooth muscle constriction (GI, bronchial, vascular)
• Relieves itching symptoms

Question 3

Anti-histamines

When sensitized to an antigen, on repeated exposure mast cells release _________ that binds H1 receptors on _____ cells producing an ______ response

Anti-histamine drugs bind these receptor sites _____, preventing _______ _______

Answer 3

-When sensitized to an antigen, on repeated exposure mast cells release histamine that binds H1, receptors on effector cells producing an allergic response.

Anti-histamine drugs bind these receptor sites first, preventing histamine binding.

Question 4

Anti-histamines

Adverse Effects:

• Gastrointestinal effects:
• Cardiovascular effects:

Answer 4

• Anti-histamine adverse effects most commonly center around CNS depression (dizziness, lassitude, fatigue, disturbed coordination, muscle weakness)
• Gastrointesinal: epigastric distress, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth/nose/throat.
• Cardiovascular: hypotension, hypertension, rapid heart rate, arrhythmia.

Question 5

Corticosteroids:

• Natural steroids:
• Synthetic steroids:
• Glucocorticoids:
• Mineralocorticoids:

Answer 5

• Corticosteroids supress immune responses, reduce inflammation
• Natural steroids: hormones produced by adrenal cortex
• Synthetic steroids: affect carbohydrate, protein metabolism [cortisone, hydracortisone, prednisone, dexamethasons]
• Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolyte, water balance [aldosterone, fludrocortison acetate]

Question 6

Corticosteroids

• Glucocorticoids suppress:
  - Prevent:
  - Suppress:
  - Inhibit:

Answer 6

-Glucocorticoids suppress redness, edema, heat, and tenderness associated with inflammation.

• Prevent plasma leakage from capillaries
• suppress leukocyte migration
• Inhibit phagocytosis

Question 7

Corticosteroids

• Glucocorticoids suppress:
  - Prevent:
  - Suppress:
  - Inhibit:

Answer 7

-Glucocorticoids suppress redness, edema, heat, and tenderness associated with inflammation.

• Prevent plasma leakage from capillaries
• suppress leukocyte migration
• Inhibit phagocytosis

Question 8

Corticosteroids Adverse Effects

• Corticosteroids affect almost?
• Wide-spread effects
• Endocrine system reactions:

Answer 8

• Corticosteroids affect almost all body systems
• Wide-spread effects: insomnia increased sodium/water retention, increased potassium excretion, suppressed immune and inflammatory responses, osteoporosis, intestinal perforation, peptic ulcers, impaired wound healing.
• Enocrine system reactions: diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidema, adrenal atrophy, hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression, cushiongoid signs and symptoms.

Question 9

Other Immunosuppressants

• Non-corticosteroids:
• Cyclosporin:

Answer 9

• Non-corticosteroids: prevent transplant organ rejection, treat auto-immune disease [cyclosporin]
• Cyclosporin: weakens immune system’s ability to fight, kill cancerous, perhaps even grow aggressively

Question 10

Uricosurics

• For Anti-gout drugs:
  
  • Probenecid, sulfinpyrazone:
  • Allopurinol:
  • Colchicine:
• Adverse effects:

Answer 10

For Anti-gout drugs: exert effects through anti-inflammatory actions.

• Probenecid, sulfinpyrazone: reduce re-absorption of uric acid at proximal convoluted tubules of kidneys ➡ increases uric acid excretion in urine; do not take during acute gouty attack as prolongs inflammation
• Allopurinol: inhibit enzyme responsible for uric acid production.
• Colchicine: reduces inflammatory response to monosodium urate crystals deposited in joint tissues

Adverse effects: uric acid stone formation, blood abnormalities.