Anti-hypertensive Drugs Flashcards
How do ACE inhibitors work?
They block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by stopping the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) in the lungs which stops the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and preventing vasoconstriction.
How do angiotensin receptor blockers work?
They bind to angiotensin receptors to prevent vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.
How do calcium channel antagonists work?
They prevent the movement of calcium into the cardiac and smooth muscle cells and interfere with the muscles ability to contract.
How do beta-blockers work?
They decrease the release of renin to prevent vasoconstriction and cardiac contraction and increase blood flow to the kidneys.
How do alpha-blockers work?
They inhibit post-synaptic alpha-adrenergic receptors which block the action of NaCl and adrenaline. This decreases sympathetic tone and causes vasodilation.
Now do thiazide-like diuretics work?
They increase the excretion of sodium and water from the kidneys which affects blood volume and lowers blood pressure.
How do vasodilators work?
These are for emergencies and cause direct vasodilation.
What are examples of ACE inhibitors?
- Captopril
- Enalapril
- Moexipril
- Ramipril
What are examples of angiotensin receptor blockers?
- Cardesartan
- Eprosartan
- lrbesartan
- Olmesartan
What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
- Amlodipine
- Felodipine
- Isradipine
- Nicardipine
- Verapamil
What are examples of Beta-blockers?
- Atenolol
- Metaprolol
- Propanolol
- Sotalol
What are examples of alpha-blockers?
- Prozosin
- Terazosin
- Doxazosin
What are examples of thiazide-like diuretics?
- Bendroflumethiazide
What are examples of vasodilators?
- Diazoxide
- Hydrazine
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
- dizziness,
- headache,
- drowsiness,
- diarrhea,
- low blood pressure,
- weakness,
- cough, and.
- rash
What are the side effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
- headache.
- fainting.
- dizziness.
- nasal congestion.
- diarrhea.
- back pain.
- leg pain.
What are the side effects of Calcium Channel Antagonists?
- headache,
- constipation,
- rash,
- nausea,
- flushing,
- edema (fluid accumulation in tissues),
- drowsiness,
- low blood pressure
- Dizziness
What are the side effects of beta-blockers?
- Fatigue.
- Cold hands.
- Headache.
- Upset stomach.
- Constipation.
- Diarrhea.
- Dizziness.
- Shortness of breath
- Impaired concentration
- Aggregation of asthma.
What are the side effects of alpha-blockers
- Headaches or nausea
- Swelling of the ankles or legs
- Feeling tired or lethargic
- Feeling dizzy
- Sudden drop in blood pressure when sitting or standing up
- Other possible side effects include sleep disturbance, tremor, rash or itchy skin, and rarely problems with erections in men
What are the side effects of thiazide-like diuretics?
- Hypokalaemia
- Reduced insulin release
- Increased plasma lipid and urate - gout
- dizziness and lightheadedness,
- blurred vision,
- loss of appetite,
- itching,
- stomach upset,
- headache, and
- weakness.
What are the side effects of vasodilators?
- Chest pain.
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Heart palpitations.
- Fluid retention (edema)
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Dizziness.
- Flushing.
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of diltiazem?
Blocks voltage-operated calcium channels in cardiac muscle
Oedema (swollen ankles) is a common side-effect of which of the following classes of anti-hypertensive drug?
Calcium channel blockers
Losartan is often preferred to enalapril in the treatment of hypertension because it
does not cause a dry cough
