anti emetics Flashcards
Flashcard 1:
Question: When are antiemetics typically prescribed, and what caution should be exercised?
Answer: Antiemetics are generally prescribed when the cause of vomiting is known. Prescribing them without a known cause may delay diagnosis, particularly in children.
Flashcard 2:
Question: How do antihistamines function against nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Antihistamines like cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine hydrochloride, and promethazine teoclate are effective against nausea and vomiting resulting from various underlying conditions. Their duration of action and adverse effects, such as drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects, differ among these antihistamines.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What is the mechanism of action of phenothiazines like chlorpromazine hydrochloride, prochlorperazine, and trifluoperazine?
Answer: Phenothiazines act centrally by blocking the chemoreceptor trigger zone as dopamine antagonists. However, severe dystonic reactions, especially in children, may occur with these medications.
Flashcard 4:
Question: How is prochlorperazine specifically useful for certain types of nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Prochlorperazine can be used for chemotherapy-induced and radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. It is less sedating and available as a buccal tablet, which can be beneficial for patients experiencing persistent vomiting or severe nausea.
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about antiemetics, their mechanisms of action, cautionary notes, and specific medications useful in different conditions related to nausea and vomiting.
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Flashcard 1:
Question: When are antiemetics typically prescribed, and what caution should be exercised?
Answer: Antiemetics are generally prescribed when the cause of vomiting is known. Prescribing them without a known cause may delay diagnosis, particularly in children.
Flashcard 2:
Question: How do antihistamines function against nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Antihistamines like cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine hydrochloride, and promethazine teoclate are effective against nausea and vomiting resulting from various underlying conditions. Their duration of action and adverse effects, such as drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects, differ among these antihistamines.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What is the mechanism of action of phenothiazines like chlorpromazine hydrochloride, prochlorperazine, and trifluoperazine?
Answer: Phenothiazines act centrally by blocking the chemoreceptor trigger zone as dopamine antagonists. However, severe dystonic reactions, especially in children, may occur with these medications.
Flashcard 4:
Question: How is prochlorperazine specifically useful for certain types of nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Prochlorperazine can be used for chemotherapy-induced and radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. It is less sedating and available as a buccal tablet, which can be beneficial for patients experiencing persistent vomiting or severe nausea.
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about antiemetics, their mechanisms of action, cautionary notes, and specific medications useful in different conditions related to nausea and vomiting.
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Flashcard 1:
Question: Which antipsychotic drugs, besides phenothiazines, are used for relieving nausea and vomiting in palliative care?
Answer: Haloperidol (used off-label) and levomepromazine are among the antipsychotic drugs utilized for alleviating nausea and vomiting in palliative care.
Flashcard 2:
Question: How does metoclopramide hydrochloride function as an antiemetic, and what sets it apart from phenothiazines?
Answer: Metoclopramide hydrochloride is an effective antiemetic and has a mechanism of action similar to phenothiazines. However, it also acts directly on gastric smooth muscles, stimulating gastric emptying. It may be superior to phenothiazines for emesis linked to gastrointestinal and biliary diseases.
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide as antiemetics, focusing on their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and specific advantages in managing different types of nausea and vomiting situations.
Flashcard 1:
Question: Which antipsychotic drugs, besides phenothiazines, are used for relieving nausea and vomiting in palliative care?
Answer: Haloperidol (used off-label) and levomepromazine are among the antipsychotic drugs utilized for alleviating nausea and vomiting in palliative care.
Flashcard 2:
Question: How does metoclopramide hydrochloride function as an antiemetic, and what sets it apart from phenothiazines?
Answer: Metoclopramide hydrochloride is an effective antiemetic and has a mechanism of action similar to phenothiazines. However, it also acts directly on gastric smooth muscles, stimulating gastric emptying. It may be superior to phenothiazines for emesis linked to gastrointestinal and biliary diseases.
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide as antiemetics, focusing on their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and specific advantages in managing different types of nausea and vomiting situations.
Flashcard 1:
Question: How does domperidone differ from metoclopramide hydrochloride and phenothiazines in terms of its side effects?
Answer: Domperidone, acting at the chemoreceptor trigger zone, is less likely to cause central effects, such as sedation and dystonic reactions, because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. This sets it apart from metoclopramide hydrochloride and phenothiazines.
Flashcard 2:
Question: What are the 5HT3-receptor antagonists used for in managing nausea and vomiting, and can you name some examples?
Answer: Granisetron, ondansetron, and palonosetron are 5HT3-receptor antagonists used in managing nausea and vomiting, particularly in patients receiving cytotoxics. There’s also a combination of palonosetron with netupitant, a neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist, available for use.
Flashcard 3:
Question: How is dexamethasone used in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and can it be combined with other antiemetics?
Answer: Dexamethasone, having antiemetic effects, is used in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It can be used alone or in combination with other antiemetics, such as a 5HT3-receptor antagonist.
Use these flashcards t
Flashcard 1:
Question: How does domperidone differ from metoclopramide hydrochloride and phenothiazines in terms of its side effects?
Answer: Domperidone, acting at the chemoreceptor trigger zone, is less likely to cause central effects, such as sedation and dystonic reactions, because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. This sets it apart from metoclopramide hydrochloride and phenothiazines.
Flashcard 2:
Question: What are the 5HT3-receptor antagonists used for in managing nausea and vomiting, and can you name some examples?
Answer: Granisetron, ondansetron, and palonosetron are 5HT3-receptor antagonists used in managing nausea and vomiting, particularly in patients receiving cytotoxics. There’s also a combination of palonosetron with netupitant, a neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist, available for use.
Flashcard 3:
Question: How is dexamethasone used in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and can it be combined with other antiemetics?
Answer: Dexamethasone, having antiemetic effects, is used in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It can be used alone or in combination with other antiemetics, such as a 5HT3-receptor antagonist.
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Flashcard 1:
Question: What self-care advice should be offered to pregnant women experiencing nausea and vomiting in the first trimester?
Answer: Offer appropriate self-care advice including rest, oral hydration, dietary changes, and information about available support like self-help information and support groups. Advise when to seek urgent medical advice, considering that various interventions may have been attempted.
Flashcard 2:
Question: When should antiemetics be considered for pregnant women experiencing persistent symptoms of nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Antiemetics should be considered if self-care measures have been ineffective. For mild to moderate nausea, non-pharmacological options like ginger may be helpful. Pharmacological treatment can be offered, considering patient preferences and experiences with treatments in previous pregnancies.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What are some antiemetic options for nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy?
Answer: Options include chlorpromazine hydrochloride, cyclizine, doxylamine with pyridoxine, metoclopramide hydrochloride, prochlorperazine, promethazine hydrochloride, promethazine teoclate, and ondansetron. If the response to treatment is inadequate after 24 hours, switching to an antiemetic from a different therapeutic class should be considered. Seek specialist opinion if symptoms persist.
Flashcard 4:
Question: What defines hyperemesis gravidarum, and how should it be managed?
Answer: Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy requiring regular antiemetic therapy, intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement, and sometimes nutritional support. Parenteral or rectal route administration of antiemetics may be suitable in severe cases. Thiamine supplementation is crucial to reduce the risk of Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about managing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, including self-care advice, antiemetic options, and the management approach for hyperemesis gravidarum.
Flashcard 1:
Question: What self-care advice should be offered to pregnant women experiencing nausea and vomiting in the first trimester?
Answer: Offer appropriate self-care advice including rest, oral hydration, dietary changes, and information about available support like self-help information and support groups. Advise when to seek urgent medical advice, considering that various interventions may have been attempted.
Flashcard 2:
Question: When should antiemetics be considered for pregnant women experiencing persistent symptoms of nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Antiemetics should be considered if self-care measures have been ineffective. For mild to moderate nausea, non-pharmacological options like ginger may be helpful. Pharmacological treatment can be offered, considering patient preferences and experiences with treatments in previous pregnancies.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What are some antiemetic options for nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy?
Answer: Options include chlorpromazine hydrochloride, cyclizine, doxylamine with pyridoxine, metoclopramide hydrochloride, prochlorperazine, promethazine hydrochloride, promethazine teoclate, and ondansetron. If the response to treatment is inadequate after 24 hours, switching to an antiemetic from a different therapeutic class should be considered. Seek specialist opinion if symptoms persist.
Flashcard 4:
Question: What defines hyperemesis gravidarum, and how should it be managed?
Answer: Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy requiring regular antiemetic therapy, intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement, and sometimes nutritional support. Parenteral or rectal route administration of antiemetics may be suitable in severe cases. Thiamine supplementation is crucial to reduce the risk of Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about managing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, including self-care advice, antiemetic options, and the management approach for hyperemesis gravidarum.
Flashcard 1:
Question: What factors influence the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)?
Answer: The incidence of PONV depends on multiple factors, including the type of anesthesia, duration and type of surgery, patient demographics (such as female sex, younger age, non-smoking status), a history of PONV or motion sickness, and intra/postoperative use of opioids.
Flashcard 2:
Question: What is the recommended approach for preventing PONV in patients with risk factors?
Answer: To prevent PONV in high-risk patients, a combination of two or more antiemetic drugs with different mechanisms of action is often indicated. When prophylactic treatment fails, treating PONV involves using an antiemetic drug from a different therapeutic class.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What are some drugs used to prevent or treat postoperative nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Drugs used include 5HT3-receptor antagonists (e.g., granisetron, ondansetron), dexamethasone, droperidol, haloperidol, cyclizine (licensed for prevention and treatment of PONV caused by opioids and general anesthetics), and prochlorperazine (licensed for prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting).
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about preventing and treating postoperative nausea and vomiting, including risk factors, combination therapy, and specific drugs used in management.
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Flashcard 1:
Question: What factors influence the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)?
Answer: The incidence of PONV depends on multiple factors, including the type of anesthesia, duration and type of surgery, patient demographics (such as female sex, younger age, non-smoking status), a history of PONV or motion sickness, and intra/postoperative use of opioids.
Flashcard 2:
Question: What is the recommended approach for preventing PONV in patients with risk factors?
Answer: To prevent PONV in high-risk patients, a combination of two or more antiemetic drugs with different mechanisms of action is often indicated. When prophylactic treatment fails, treating PONV involves using an antiemetic drug from a different therapeutic class.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What are some drugs used to prevent or treat postoperative nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Drugs used include 5HT3-receptor antagonists (e.g., granisetron, ondansetron), dexamethasone, droperidol, haloperidol, cyclizine (licensed for prevention and treatment of PONV caused by opioids and general anesthetics), and prochlorperazine (licensed for prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting).
Use these flashcards to reinforce and remember the key information about preventing and treating postoperative nausea and vomiting, including risk factors, combination therapy, and specific drugs used in management.
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Flashcard 1:
Question: How should antiemetics be administered to prevent motion sickness?
Answer: Antiemetics should be administered to prevent motion sickness before symptoms of nausea or vomiting develop. Hyoscine hydrobromide is licensed for preventing motion sickness symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and vertigo.
Flashcard 2:
Question: Which drugs are effective for preventing or alleviating symptoms in Ménière’s disease?
Answer: For Ménière’s disease, antihistamines (e.g., cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine teoclate) and phenothiazines (e.g., prochlorperazine) are used to alleviate symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and vertigo during acute attacks. Buccal or intramuscular prochlorperazine or cyclizine can rapidly relieve severe nausea and vomiting.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What is the role of betahistine dihydrochloride in Ménière’s disease?
Answer: Betahistine dihydrochloride, an analogue of histamine, can be trialed to reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms like hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo in patients experiencing recurrent attacks of Ménière’s disease.
Use these flashcards to recall and reinforce the key information about preventing motion sickness, managing acute attacks of Ménière’s disease, and the role of medications like hyoscine, antihistamines, phenothiazines, and betahistine in alleviating symptoms.
Flashcard 1:
Question: How should antiemetics be administered to prevent motion sickness?
Answer: Antiemetics should be administered to prevent motion sickness before symptoms of nausea or vomiting develop. Hyoscine hydrobromide is licensed for preventing motion sickness symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and vertigo.
Flashcard 2:
Question: Which drugs are effective for preventing or alleviating symptoms in Ménière’s disease?
Answer: For Ménière’s disease, antihistamines (e.g., cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine teoclate) and phenothiazines (e.g., prochlorperazine) are used to alleviate symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and vertigo during acute attacks. Buccal or intramuscular prochlorperazine or cyclizine can rapidly relieve severe nausea and vomiting.
Flashcard 3:
Question: What is the role of betahistine dihydrochloride in Ménière’s disease?
Answer: Betahistine dihydrochloride, an analogue of histamine, can be trialed to reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms like hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo in patients experiencing recurrent attacks of Ménière’s disease.
Use these flashcards to recall and reinforce the key information about preventing motion sickness, managing acute attacks of Ménière’s disease, and the role of medications like hyoscine, antihistamines, phenothiazines, and betahistine in alleviating symptoms.
