ADHD Flashcards
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural disorder characterised by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, which can lead to functional impairment such as psychological, social, educational or occupational difficulties. While these symptoms tend to co-exist, some patients are predominantly hyperactive and impulsive, while others are principally inattentive. Symptoms typically appear in children aged 3–7 years, but may not be recognised until after 7 years of age, especially if hyperactivity is not present. ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males than in females.
ADHD is usually a persisting disorder and some children continue to have symptoms throughout adolescence and into adulthood, where inattentive symptoms tend to persist, and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms tend to recede over time. ADHD is also associated with an increased risk of disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, and possibly mood disorders such as depression, mania, and anxiety, as well as substance misuse.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural disorder characterised by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, which can lead to functional impairment such as psychological, social, educational or occupational difficulties. While these symptoms tend to co-exist, some patients are predominantly hyperactive and impulsive, while others are principally inattentive. Symptoms typically appear in children aged 3–7 years, but may not be recognised until after 7 years of age, especially if hyperactivity is not present. ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males than in females.
ADHD is usually a persisting disorder and some children continue to have symptoms throughout adolescence and into adulthood, where inattentive symptoms tend to persist, and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms tend to recede over time. ADHD is also associated with an increased risk of disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, and possibly mood disorders such as depression, mania, and anxiety, as well as substance misuse.
Flashcard 1:
Question: What lifestyle factors are important for individuals with ADHD?
Answer: Patients should be advised about the significance of a balanced diet, good nutrition, and regular exercise.
Flashcard 2:
Question: What are environmental modifications in the context of managing ADHD?
Answer: Environmental modifications involve changes to the physical environment, like seating arrangements, lighting adjustments, noise reduction, and minimizing distractions to alleviate ADHD symptoms.
Flashcard 3:
Question: When should environmental modifications be discussed and implemented for individuals with ADHD?
Answer: These modifications should be part of the discussion at the time of ADHD diagnosis, trialed, and reviewed for effectiveness before starting drug treatment.
Flashcard 4:
Question: What are some examples of ADHD-focused psychological interventions?
Answer: They may involve cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or other psychological approaches tailored to the individual’s needs.
Flashcard 5:
Question: When might ADHD-focused psychological interventions be beneficial?
Answer: They may be effective for patients who refuse drug treatment, struggle with adherence, are intolerant of medications, or show unresponsiveness to drug treatment.
Flashcard 6:
Question: For individuals benefiting from drug treatment but still experiencing significant impairment, what approach might be considered?
Answer: Consider combining non-drug treatments, such as psychological interventions, with drug treatment for those facing persistent functional impairments in areas like relationships, education, occupation, or risk awareness.
These flashcards should help in reinforcing and retaining information about managing ADHD through lifestyle modifications and various treatment approaches.
Flashcard 1:
Question: What lifestyle factors are important for individuals with ADHD?
Answer: Patients should be advised about the significance of a balanced diet, good nutrition, and regular exercise.
Flashcard 2:
Question: What are environmental modifications in the context of managing ADHD?
Answer: Environmental modifications involve changes to the physical environment, like seating arrangements, lighting adjustments, noise reduction, and minimizing distractions to alleviate ADHD symptoms.
Flashcard 3:
Question: When should environmental modifications be discussed and implemented for individuals with ADHD?
Answer: These modifications should be part of the discussion at the time of ADHD diagnosis, trialed, and reviewed for effectiveness before starting drug treatment.
Flashcard 4:
Question: What are some examples of ADHD-focused psychological interventions?
Answer: They may involve cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or other psychological approaches tailored to the individual’s needs.
Flashcard 5:
Question: When might ADHD-focused psychological interventions be beneficial?
Answer: They may be effective for patients who refuse drug treatment, struggle with adherence, are intolerant of medications, or show unresponsiveness to drug treatment.
Flashcard 6:
Question: For individuals benefiting from drug treatment but still experiencing significant impairment, what approach might be considered?
Answer: Consider combining non-drug treatments, such as psychological interventions, with drug treatment for those facing persistent functional impairments in areas like relationships, education, occupation, or risk awareness.
These flashcards should help in reinforcing and retaining information about managing ADHD through lifestyle modifications and various treatment approaches.
Flashcard 1:
Question: What are the first-line treatments recommended for ADHD?
Answer: Lisdexamfetamine mesilate or methylphenidate hydrochloride are recommended as first-line treatments.
Flashcard 2:
Question: If initial treatment with a first-line drug doesn’t show improvement, what should be considered?
Answer: If symptoms persist after a 6-week trial of a first-line drug, switching to the alternative first-line treatment should be considered.
Flashcard 3:
Question: When might Dexamfetamine sulfate be considered in ADHD treatment?
Answer: Dexamfetamine sulfate might be tried if a patient responds well to lisdexamfetamine mesilate but can’t tolerate its longer duration of effect.
Flashcard 4:
Question: Why are modified-release preparations of stimulants preferred?
Answer: They offer a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, convenience, improved adherence, reduced risk of drug diversion, and eliminate the need for midday dosing.
Flashcard 5:
Question: When might immediate-release preparations of stimulants be used?
Answer: Immediate-release preparations might be used when more flexible dosing or during initial titration of dosage is required.
Flashcard 6:
Question: What other options exist for patients intolerant to first-line treatments?
Answer: Atomoxetine can be considered for patients intolerant to both methylphenidate hydrochloride and lisdexamfetamine mesilate.
Flashcard 7:
Question: When should specialist ADHD services be consulted?
Answer: Specialist advice is recommended if patients are unresponsive to multiple treatments, or if considering medications like guanfacine or atypical antipsychotics for co-existing symptoms like aggression or irritability.
Flashcard 8:
Question: How often should ADHD treatment be reviewed by a specialist?
Answer: Treatment should be reviewed by a specialist at least once a year, considering treatment-free periods or dose reductions where appropriate.
Use these flashcards as a quick reference to help reinforce and retain the details about ADHD treatment options and monitoring considerations.
Flashcard 1:
Question: What are the first-line treatments recommended for ADHD?
Answer: Lisdexamfetamine mesilate or methylphenidate hydrochloride are recommended as first-line treatments.
Flashcard 2:
Question: If initial treatment with a first-line drug doesn’t show improvement, what should be considered?
Answer: If symptoms persist after a 6-week trial of a first-line drug, switching to the alternative first-line treatment should be considered.
Flashcard 3:
Question: When might Dexamfetamine sulfate be considered in ADHD treatment?
Answer: Dexamfetamine sulfate might be tried if a patient responds well to lisdexamfetamine mesilate but can’t tolerate its longer duration of effect.
Flashcard 4:
Question: Why are modified-release preparations of stimulants preferred?
Answer: They offer a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, convenience, improved adherence, reduced risk of drug diversion, and eliminate the need for midday dosing.
Flashcard 5:
Question: When might immediate-release preparations of stimulants be used?
Answer: Immediate-release preparations might be used when more flexible dosing or during initial titration of dosage is required.
Flashcard 6:
Question: What other options exist for patients intolerant to first-line treatments?
Answer: Atomoxetine can be considered for patients intolerant to both methylphenidate hydrochloride and lisdexamfetamine mesilate.
Flashcard 7:
Question: When should specialist ADHD services be consulted?
Answer: Specialist advice is recommended if patients are unresponsive to multiple treatments, or if considering medications like guanfacine or atypical antipsychotics for co-existing symptoms like aggression or irritability.
Flashcard 8:
Question: How often should ADHD treatment be reviewed by a specialist?
Answer: Treatment should be reviewed by a specialist at least once a year, considering treatment-free periods or dose reductions where appropriate.
Use these flashcards as a quick reference to help reinforce and retain the details about ADHD treatment options and monitoring considerations.
Pulse, blood pressure, psychiatric symptoms, appetite, weight and height should be recorded at initiation of therapy, following each dose adjustment, and at least every 6 months thereafter.
Pulse, blood pressure, psychiatric symptoms, appetite, weight and height should be recorded at initiation of therapy, following each dose adjustment, and at least every 6 months thereafter.
If sustained orthostatic hypotension or fainting episodes occur with guanfacine treatment, the dose should be reduced or an alternative treatment offered.
If sustained orthostatic hypotension or fainting episodes occur with guanfacine treatment, the dose should be reduced or an alternative treatment offered.
sexual dysfunction (associated with ??
sexual dysfunction (associated with atomoxetine)
Monitor patients for the development of ??? associated with stimulant use.
Monitor patients for the development of tics associated with stimulant use.
dose reduction required
