Anti-cancer drugs Flashcards
1
Q
10 hallmarks of cancer?
A
- Growth signal autonomy / Activation of proto-oncogenes
- Evasion of growth inhibitory signals / Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes
- Evasion of apoptotic cell death
- Unlimited replicative potential
- Angiogenesis
- Invasion and metastasis
- Avoiding immune destruction
- Reprogrammed energy metabolism
- Genomic instability
- Promoting inflammation
2
Q
3 classes of anti-cancer drugs?
A
- Targeted therapy: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Chemotherapy: Cytotoxic drugs
- Immunotherapy: Therapeutic antibodies, T cell immunotherapy
3
Q
5 approaches to targeted therapy?
A
- Blocking antibodies
- Soluble receptors
- Inhibitors of receptor kinases or chaperone proteins
- Inhibit downstream signalling pathway by inhibiting downstream signalling proteins
- Epigenetic modifications
4
Q
Drugs that inhibit tyrosine kinase, what do they block and what do they treat?
A
- Imatinib (Gleevac): BCR-ABL –> Philadelphia Chromosome positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia
- Getritinib: EGFR –> lung cancer
- Lopatinib EGFR, HER2 —> lung cancer, breast cancer
5
Q
2 classes of cytotoxic drugs & drugs under them?
A
- Phase non-specific
- Alkylating agents: Nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil), Nitroureas, Alkyl sulfonates, Ethyleneamines, Triazenes
- Platinum analogues: Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin
- Cytotoxic antibodies: Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Idarubicin, Epirubicin (all anthracyclines) - Phase specific
- Anti-metabolities: Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil
- Microtubule inhibitors: Vinblastine (Vinca alkaloid), Paclitaxel (Taxene alkaloid)
6
Q
Classes of Immunotherapy?
A
- Therapeutic antibodies
- Neutralising antibodies: Avastin (Bevacizumab)
- Effector cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- Antibody-drug conjugate: Brentuximab - T cell immunotherapy
- CAR-T
- immune checkpoint inhibitors: Ipilimumab (Yervoy), Nicolumab, Pembrolizumab
