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Anthropology 150 > Anthropometry and Races > Flashcards

Anthropometry and Races Flashcards

1
Q

Why was there an emphasis on measuring skulls?

A

They believed that the skull shape is unchanging and therefore a useful determiner in ancestry.

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2
Q

Whose collective work formed the basis of Phrenology?

A

Franz Gall and Johann Spurzhiem

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3
Q

What is Phrenology?

A

It’s the study of skull’s contours to determine an individual’s latent talents and abilities.

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4
Q

What were the 3 head shapes that Reitzius used?

A
  1. Dolichocephalic:
    Long and Narrow
  2. Mesophalic: Intermediate
  3. Brachycephalic: Round/shot and Wide
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5
Q

What is Pierre Broca do?

A

He further developed cranial measurements to link them with intelligence.

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6
Q

What did Broca conclude?

A

He found that there was nothing linking brain size to intelligence.

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7
Q

How did Samuel Morton better measure the size of the brain? Who did he do this on?

A

He filled the cavity with objects, using skulls.

He then would relay the information in relations to imperfect brains.

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8
Q

What is Morton conclude (2)?

A
  • There were differences in cranial capacity in different races.
  • Europeans had larger brain spaces and black/indians had the smallest.
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9
Q

Who discovered the theory of natural selection?

A

Darwin and Wallace

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10
Q

According to Darwin, did species evolve with out without dive guidance?

A

Without

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11
Q

What 2 important concepts is natural selection based off of?

A
  1. The relative stability of species

2. Maintenance of variation

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12
Q

What is the relative stability of species?

A

It’s the concept that, although species evolve over time, it’s a very slow process and it’s hard to see large changes from generation to generation

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13
Q

What is the maintenance of variation?

A

This is the idea that within each generation, no individual is exactly the same as another.
This is what allows some individuals to do better than others!

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14
Q

What is social darwinism?

A

This is used to justify inequality between classes or the animal kingdom.
e.g if you’re poor, you have the gene for poverty

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15
Q

Why was it a good thing what Darwin lost his faith?

A

He wouldn’t use science/his findings to validate is faith

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16
Q

Where are the Galápagos Islands found?

A

They are in the pacific ocean, just off the coast of Ecuador.

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17
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

This is when a certain species fills a certain aspect of their environment and has adapted well to have the best chance of survival.

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18
Q

What is “special creation”?

A

This is a biblical story that God created all things in their present form and appropriate environment and they never changed.
Species is don’t go extinct or change their form in this point of view.

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19
Q

Who wrote a “natural theology” and the analogy of a watch and watchmaker?

A

William Paley

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20
Q

What did the book of Genesis talk about?

A

This is the creation of the Universe.

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21
Q

What did the watch and watchmaker analogy imply about the existence of living things?

A

The existence of living things with clearly designed features can only mean that there is a rational and intelligent designer

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22
Q

Different species of finches are adapted to fill different ________

A

ecological niches

23
Q

It’s surprising how quickly evolution by natural selection can modify ______ traits in a natural environment

A

phenotypic.

24
Q

Who supported Darwin’s work when he got back to England (2)?

A
  1. Thomas Huxley

2. Charles Lyell

25
Q

What is Zoonomia and who wrote it?

A

This is a poem that suggests an evolutionary development of life
It was written by Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin’s grandfather)

26
Q

According to Lamarck, all organisms had an inborn desire that naturally led to what?

A

To become well adapted to their environment

27
Q

What is the “inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Organisms are able to pass on adaptive features on to their offspring through their use or nonuse of things

28
Q

What is germ plasm?

A

This is the genetic material passed down through genetics

29
Q

What is uniformitarian geology?

A

This includes ideas of the complete reliance on natural causes and the idea that geological events in the past can be understood through the study of present day events.

30
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • He argued that exponential population increases would outstrip resources and this would lead to death and extreme competition.
31
Q

What are the elements of natural selection (4)?

A
  1. The existence of inherited variation in natural populations and species
  2. Populations tend to increase much faster than available resources
  3. A struggle for existence occurs between individuals in all populations
  4. Natural selection leads to genetic changes in populations, adaptation to different environments and ultimately to the origins of new species.
32
Q

What are traits of the “existence of inherited variation”

A

The present elf inherited variability in all species of living things provides the raw material fro evolutionary change.

33
Q

What are some traits of the idea that “populations increase faster than the resources”

A

population increased at an exponential rate while resources increase of a slower, linear rate.

34
Q

What are some traits of the “struggle for existence”

A
  • Individuals with the best traits are more likely to survive
  • Reproduction also counts in the struggle
35
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Your race is better than all the other ones

36
Q

The notion of biological race began during _________

A

the age of exploration

37
Q

Who are the 2 main supporters of folk beliefs?

A
  1. religious groups

2. scientific authority

38
Q

What is the racial worldview?

A

These are a set of beliefs or ideas about the meaning of racial difference influence in the way we see the world.

39
Q

Who developed binomial nomenclature and what is it?

A

Linneas, this gives each species 2 names to distinguish it from all other ones

40
Q

What are the 7 levels of Linnaean hierarchy?

A

Kingdom > Phylum > Oder > Class > Family > Genus > Species

41
Q

What is the subspecific taxa called, and what is it used for?

A
  • Varieties

- Known today as race or subspecies

42
Q

What is Ernst Mayr’s biological species concept?

A

This states that species are comprised of populations that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from other populations.

43
Q

What coined the term caucasian

A

Johann Blumenbach

44
Q

What is an archetype?

A

This is the essential nature of the thing itself.

45
Q

What are characteristics of Homo sapiens americanus?

A
  • red
  • ill-tempered
  • black, thick and straight hair
  • ruled by custom
46
Q

What are characteristics of Homo sapiens europaeus?

A
  • White
  • blond flowing hair
  • active, smart
  • ruled by laws
47
Q

What are characteristics of Homo sapiens asiaticus?

A
  • yellow
  • melancholy
  • ruled by opinion
  • severe, haughty and desirous
48
Q

What is Polygenism?

A

theory of human origins positing that the human races are of different origins polygenesis

49
Q

What is monogenism?

A

is the theory of human origins which posits a common descent for all human races?

50
Q

What is Phenotypic plasticity?

A

It is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.

51
Q

What is Clinal variation?

A

A gradual change in an inherited characteristic across the geographic range of a species, usually correlated with an environmental transition such as altitude, temperature, or moisture.

52
Q

What is Miscegenation?

A

This is the interbreeding of races.

53
Q

What is the pre-adamite hypothesis?

A

it is the belief that humans (or an intelligent but non human creature) existed before the biblical character Adam.

54
Q

What is the “Great Chain of Being”?

A

This is the “key to understanding the app terns and relationships of all living things” . It suggests that there was continuity in God’s creation with obvious orders.

Anthropology 150 (4 decks)

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