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Anthropology > Anthropology Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Anthropology Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Goals of Archeology

A

Archaeologists employ
scientific methods to label and persevere artifacts for future study

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2
Q

Steps in the Archeological process

A

-Purpose for the dig
-look at historical documents
-Survey the site
-map by creating a site plan
-Dig for artifacts
-Analyze and sort artifacts
-Preserve the artifacts for later study

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3
Q

Types of surveys (Pedestrian Survey)

A

archaeologists walk
over area, select sites based on previous
research, ask local people for information

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4
Q

Types of surveys (Ground Truthing)

A

test pits (3x3x3ft) are
dug at random or systematic intervals

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5
Q

Earthworks(Aerial Reconnaissance)

A

mounds or lines

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6
Q

Soil marks(Aerial Reconnaissance)

A

discolorations

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7
Q

Crop marks(Aerial Reconnaissance)

A

remnants of features, e.g.,
walls or roads

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8
Q

Archaeological Record

A

Goal is to understand how
humans lived and survived in the
past.

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9
Q

Processual Archaeology

A

Views culture as another natural system.The perspective that they believe they can understand past cultural systems through the remains they left behind.

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10
Q

Post-Processual Archaeology

A

Emphasize human agency and
the power of ideas and values
when studying past cultures

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11
Q

Feminist Archaeology

A

Recognizes that traditional approaches have
often ignored the presence of women.
What roles are traditionally ascribed to women
in modern populations?

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12
Q

Gender Archaeology

A

Questions about the binary male–female
distinction
Western heteronormative beliefs do not apply
to the entirety of the human species

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13
Q

Ethical considerations

A

Potential repercussions of study
(environmental, political, local,
etc.)

Obligation to share their
findings in an appropriate
mano

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14
Q

Cosmopolitan approach

A

Being able to move
comfortably between cultural settings.

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15
Q

Domestication

A

Humans began to intervene in the
reproduction of other species to fulfil
their needs (domestication)

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16
Q

When did domestication start to happen

A

Holocene epoch 12k years ago

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17
Q

Cultivation

A

as activities of
preparing fields, sowing,
weeding, harvesting, and
storing products

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18
Q

Hunter-gatherers

A

Hunter-gatherers access
more variety of food stuffs
and are less affected by
malnutrition

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19
Q

The general timeline of subsistence styles

A

Human subsistence shifted from
large mammals to a broad
spectrum of foods
-Wild grains
-Hunting smaller animals
-Which led to domestication

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20
Q

Theories for why subsistence changed(Ice age mammals)

A

The Large Ice Age mammals
died out, and
smaller mammals became
more prevalent.

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21
Q

Niche construction

A

-Buffers against selection for
morphological changes

-Absent: grow fur in colder climate
(alteration in phenotype)

-Present: humans build shelters and make
clothing to protect themselves from cold

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22
Q

Stages of animal domestication

A
  1. Random hunting: no attempt at human control
  2. Controlled hunting: targeting certain
    age/sex/physicality
  3. Herd following: movement with an animal group
  4. Loose herding: control a herd’s movements,
    often seasonally; selective breeding/culling
  5. Close herding: animal mobility is limited, and
    breeding is controlled
  6. Factory farming: complete control of animals’
    lives
23
Q

Evidence of animal domestication

A

Presence of animal species
outside its natural range
* Morphological changes
* Abrupt increase in population
relative to other species
* Age and sex of animals, especially
more males is evidence they were
killed for meat

24
Q

Social effects of domestication

A

Sedentism: increasingly permanent human
habitations
* Land no longer free, territories owned
* Graves, housing, fields and herds connected
people to specific places
* Human footprint on the environment
* Nutritional deficiencies
* Altered physiology
* Spread of disease
* Attraction of pests
* More physical labour
* Emergence hierarchical societies

25
Q

Wild vs. domesticated wheat

A

Wild wheat has a tough glume around it-domesticated wheat has a slow glume around it

26
Q

Social stratification

A

Prestige: honour or respect within
societies

Wealth: economic resources; land,
tools, money and goods

Power: enforce individuals to do
certain behaviors

27
Q

Egalitarian vs Trans egalitarian

A

Egalitarian (when everyone’s position or status is the same)

“trans egalitarian”
Class societies transitioning to a hierarchy

28
Q

Sedentism and its effects

A

: Domestication +
Sedentism = more leisure time and
ability to increase
social/technological complexity

29
Q

Band

A

Less than 100 individuals
* Typically, related kin groups are egalitarian(very little difference in status and wealth between people )

30
Q

Tribes

A

Small populations, mostly independent
* Sometimes interact with groups
linked through customs or kinship(food producers)

31
Q

Chiefdom

A

More political structure
Chiefs highly respected
authorities, responsible for
various leadership tasks
* Privileged access to wealth,
power and prestige

32
Q

States

A

Regional settlement patterns
often show at least three levels
in hierarchy of social complexity
* Laws and taxes enforced by an

33
Q

Evidence/traits of complex societies

A

Greater stratification within
now larger populations
* Surplus in resources
* Occupational specialization
with new or luxury goods
* Trade increasing with external
individuals

34
Q

Power facts

A

Items usually found in graves which show that the person had a high position in life and were fit to rule

35
Q

institutions

A

Three institutions have
developed independently
in many different societies

-Trade: the exchange of
goods

-Money a medium of
exchange that assigns
values to goods

Market the supply–
demand price mechanism
for regulating exchange

36
Q

Phases of economic activity

A

Economic activity: Production, Distribution and consumption.

37
Q

Feudalism

A

resources distributed
according to social status or rank.

38
Q

Capitalism

A

resources distributed
in a “free” market where price is
dependent upon supply and
demand.

39
Q

Patterns of reciprocity

A
  1. General reciprocity: exchange without stating the time or value of the return
  2. Balanced reciprocity: when the exchange is something of equal value
  3. Negative reciprocity: when one party tries to get something while offering something of less value
40
Q

Consumption patterns & theories

A
  1. Internal explanation:
    -Malinowski and Basic Human
    Needs
  2. External explanations (cultural ecology)
    -cultural ecologists explain patterns of consumption
    based on available resources

3 Cultural explanations of consumption
-people are actively constructing their niches using cultural inventions and not only using what available to
them.

41
Q

Affluence

A

having more
then what is required to
satisfy consumption needs
– achieved by: foraging too much

42
Q

Power vs social power

A

-Power can be
understood as the
ability to transform a
given situation.

Organizational power,
whereby individuals or social
units limit the actions of others
* Authoritative

43
Q

Status

A

social status is the honor or prestige attached to one’s position in society

44
Q

Agency

A

Free agents make decisions
for personal gain, not
based on:
* Collective beliefs
* Greater good
* Historical obligation

45
Q

Ideology

A

A world view that
justifies social arrangements
and legitimates power

46
Q

Domination

A

Expensive to
continue
* Unstable
* Requires constant
maintenance

47
Q

Hegemony( Divine right of kings)

A
  • Sustained through
    institutions or
    traditions
  • Rulers and subjects
    linked
  • Maintains the ruler’s
    position of privilege
48
Q

Coercion

A

Power is seen as coercion the ability it make others do what you want

49
Q

Nation-state

A

Nation-state: viewed as an ideal
political unit (single government) in
which national identity and political
territory coincided

50
Q

nation

A

groups of people believed
to share the same history, beliefs,
language, and even the same
physical substance.

51
Q

Nationality

A

a sense of identification
with loyalty to the nation-state

52
Q

Citizenship

A

Legal citizenship: accorded
by state laws and may be
difficult for migrants to
obtain

Substantive citizenship:
defined by actions people
take, regardless of legal
status, to assert
membership and bring
about political changes

53
Q

globalization

A

Movements and mixing of
peoples

Anthropology (2 decks)

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