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Anthropology > Anthropology mid term > Flashcards

Anthropology mid term Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals of anthropology?

A

How did the human species evolve

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2
Q

Who is Franz Boaz

A

Father of Anthropology,
American Style

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3
Q

Four field approach

A

Cultural anthropology
* Archaeology
* Linguistic anthropology
* Biological anthropology

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4
Q

Holism

A

approach
that recognizes all elements of a
subject must be examined to
understand its entirety

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5
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

no culture is better than the other they are only different.

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6
Q

Biocultural theory

A

Biocultural theory, related to the anthropological value of holism, is an integration of both biological anthropology and social/cultural anthropology.

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7
Q

Taxonomic classification
systems

A

The taxonomic classification system (also called the Linnaean system after its inventor, Carl Linnaeus, domain, kingdom,phylum, class,order and family

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8
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Evolution is driven by adaptation
“descent with modification”

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9
Q

Pre-Darwinian ideas (Essentialism)

A

each living (material) thing
represents the ideal form (or essence) of
that thing, which is unchanging

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10
Q

Pre-Darwinian ideas (The Great Chain of Being)

A

the
the biological world is full of living things
that are varying degrees of
separation away from
God/perfection

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11
Q

Pre-Darwinian ideas (Catastrophism)

A

natural
disasters are responsible
for the disappearance of
old species

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12
Q

Pre-Darwinian ideas (Uniformitarianism)

A

natural
forces in the present
would have had the
same effects on the
landscape in the past

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13
Q

Variation

A

observations
focused on physical
differences

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14
Q

Natural selection

A

Heritable biological traits
which are beneficial to
survival is passed on and
amplified

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15
Q

Adaptations

A

“Physical
characteristics that enhance an
organisms’ ability to survive and
reproduce”

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16
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

Discrete physical units
passed from one
generation to the next
in a mathematically
determined pattern

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17
Q

Mendel’s principles

A

1Fundamental theory of heredity
2 Principle of segregation
3Principle of independent assortment

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18
Q

Evolutionary synthesis

A

Theory of Evolution (Darwin) +
Theory of Heredity (Mendel)
* Sum of changes in living organisms
over long periods of time

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19
Q

DNA

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, 4 types of
nitrogen bases

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20
Q

Genetics

A

the genetic properties or features of an organism, characteristic

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21
Q

Gene vs. allele vs chromosome

A

Gene: a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring

Allele: An allele is a specific variation of a gene.

Chromosome: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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22
Q

Mutations

A

The changing of the structure of a gene caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes:

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23
Q

Genotype vs. phenotype

A

Genotype: what the DNA codes for
Phenotype what actually shows.

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24
Q

Gene flow vs. Genetic
drift

A

Gene Flow: Gradual lessening of variation due commonly a result of migration.

Genetic Drift: Random change in allele
frequency more pronounced effects in
smaller populations.

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25
Q

Speciation

A

Occurs when genetic variation reaches
a point of reproductive incompatibility
and a split lineage.

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26
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Occurs when circumstances
prevent two populations from
interbreeding, like a mountain or ocean.

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27
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Common ancestor
leads to many closely
related species.

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28
Q

convergent Evolution

A

Development of similar
species due to similar
variation
* Environmental pressures
* Natural selection

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29
Q

Example of how an
adaptation is the result
of natural selection and
how it might appear in
a species

A

For example, certain traits or adaptations involving colour, camouflage, food gathering (beaks and claws.

30
Q

Primate characteristics

A
  1. Adapted to life in trees
  2. Eat a wide variety of food
  3. Invest a lot of time and care in a few
    no offspring
31
Q

Types of traits (Primitive)

A

inherited traits from a distant ancestor

32
Q

Types of traits (Derived)

A

traits which are more recently appearing

33
Q

Types of traits (Generalized)

A

characteristics that are useful for many things

34
Q

Types of traits (Specialized)

A

developed for a specific purpose

35
Q

Strepsirrhini traits and
members

A
  1. Most Primitive primates
  2. Limited geographically
  3. Lemurs
  4. Open eye orbit
    5 . Smaller brain
36
Q

Haplorrhines traits and
members

A
  1. Found globally
  2. Enclosed eye orbit
  3. Larger brains
  4. Enclosed eye orbit
37
Q

Evolution of the species

A
38
Q

Sexual dimorphism –
what is it and does it
mean?

A

Sexual dimorphism is the differences between the male and female of a species, if it happens, if means the different sexes have different roles

39
Q

Why do primates live in
groups?

A

Some relationships are
established for short term
or immediate needs
* Grooming, food, mating

40
Q

Why do primates live in
groups?

A

Some relationships are
established for short term
or immediate needs
* Grooming, food, mating

41
Q

How is primate culture
relevant to evolutionary
anthropology?

A

It is relevant as it explains the way we act and the traits we kept as they are still beneficial

42
Q

Main events/conditions
for primate evolution

A
  1. African Exodus
  2. Climate, ecology, and habitats
    altered
43
Q

Paleocene (Plesiadapiforms Paleocene, 60mya)

A

Extinct around 56mya(Because of a period of rapid temperature increase and change in climate Globally)

44
Q

Eocene Euprimates
(56 mya)

A

First, appear during the period of global
warming leading to tropical conditions.
Many species went extinct at
the end of the Eocene
* Period of cooling temperatures
resulted in climate and
environment change

45
Q

Oligocene
Primates
(34-23mya)

A

Rapid global cooling occurred during
the Oligocene epoch (23 – 34 mya)
* Widespread plant and animal extinction
Strepsirrhines are found in one central region at this
time

46
Q

Miocene
Primates(5 – 23 Mya)

A

The warming trend in Late Oligocene led
to a shift in climate and habitat. Appearance and spread of
proconsulids (earliest apes)
Proconsuls found in diverse environments and
environmental contexts

47
Q

Eosimias

A

dawn monkey, the First true anthropoid and ancestor of
all other anthropoids found in Asia

48
Q

Biretia

A

The first haplorrhine out of Africa.

49
Q

Why Did Primates Emerge(Arboreal hypothesis)

A

adaptations to life in tree

50
Q

Why Did Primates Emerge?(Visual predation hypothesis)

A

hunting in trees

51
Q

Why Did Primates Emerge?(angiosperm radiation hypothesis)

A

eating fruit in trees

52
Q

why
hominins emerged(Hunting Hypothesis)

A

Any differences between humans and
apes are the result of a shift from arboreal
to terrestrial living and tool use

53
Q

why
hominins emerged(Patchy Forest Hypothesis)

A

Suggests early hominins were both arboreal and
terrestrial
* But we find some of the earliest bipedal hominins in
forested habitats

54
Q

why
hominins emerged(Provisioning Hypothesis)

A

Bipedalism resulted as a means of
increasing reproduction

55
Q

Anatomical changes of
bipedalism

A

Relatively long legs (shorter arms
S-shaped spine

56
Q

Pre-Australopithecines

A

Small cranial capacity at 350cc
Very large brow ridge

57
Q

Australopithecine(1-4mya)

A

Large premolars/molars
Partially arboreal/bipedal

58
Q

Australopithecus anamensis,
(3.9-4.2 mya)

A

Very large canines,
Wide knee joint suggests bipedal

59
Q

Tool cultures (Oldowan)

A

early tools were simple, usually made with one or a few flakes chipped off with another stone

60
Q

Tool culture (Acheulian)

A

stone tool manufacture characterized by the distinctive oval and pear

61
Q

Tool culture (Mousterian)

A

Most modern tools made

62
Q

Microevolution

A

evolving over a short time

63
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolving over a long period of time

64
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A

Speciation is slow, uniform and gradual.

65
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

evolutionary development

66
Q

History of race

A

Physical”
Anthropology
Based on skin color, skull features, and other physical traits

67
Q

Phenotypic variation

A

Phenotypic variation occurs when the expression of genes is changed in response to the environment

68
Q

Genotypic variations

A

variations in genotypes between individuals of the same species or between different species as a result of genetic mutation, gene flow or something that occurred during meiosis

69
Q

Examples of modern
human adaptations

A

For example, the Badjao spearfishermen have a bigger lung capacity and more extensive hands to suit their lifestyle better.

70
Q

Population genetics (Why do genes change (or not change) in
frequency?)

A

They can change due to adaptations which are bio cultural.

71
Q

Neo-Darwinism

A

Modern Evolutionary
Synthesis Combination of Darwin’s concept
of natural selection and Mendel’s
ideas about heredity.

72
Q

Geographic cline

A

gradual change in
phenotypes between
populations

Anthropology (2 decks)

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