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ANTHRO355 - Primate Behavior > Anthropology Exam #1 > Flashcards

Anthropology Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primate?

A

Mammals (2 types):

  1. Monotremes (lay eggs)
  2. Therians (live birth)
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2
Q

What are 3 major categories of traits useful in characterizing the primate order?

A
  1. Morphological Traits
  2. Life History/Patterns
  3. Sociability & Flexibility
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3
Q

What is Primate Pattern?

A

> Set of Traits

>General Tendencies

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4
Q

State 3 Morphological Traits.

A
  1. Hands & Feet
  2. Dentition
  3. Senses & the Brain
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5
Q

Name Hands & Feet characteristics.

A

> 5 digits (fingers)
Prehensility
Opposable Thumb
Nails not claws

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6
Q

What is Prehensility?

A

The ability to grasp.

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7
Q

What does “opposable” mean?

A

Operates independently.

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8
Q

Name two types of grips.

A
  1. Power Grip

2. Precision Grip

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9
Q

What does it mean to have a prehensile tail?

A

Can grip/grasp with tail.

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10
Q

Name Dentition characteristics.

A

> Retained primitive dental characteristics

>Reduced number of teeth

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11
Q

What are primitive dental characteristics?

A

4 types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, & molars.

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12
Q

What is a “tooth comb” an example of?

A

A specialization; this is a primitive trait in species.

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13
Q

What is the dental formula?

A

The number of each kind of tooth is given for one-quarter of the mouth.

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14
Q

What is the dental formula for a general mammal?

A

3.1.4.3

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15
Q

What is the dental formula for a human?

A

2.1.2.3

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16
Q

What are 4 features of the category of Senses & the Brain?

A
  1. Enhanced Vision
  2. Color Vision
  3. Olfaction
  4. Expanded Primitive Brains
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17
Q

Describe the components that contribute to a primates enhanced vision.

A

Forward facing eyes + overlapping fields of vision = stereoscopic vision.

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18
Q

What does stereoscopic vision contribute to?

A

Depth perception

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19
Q

What is a post-orbital bar? (describe)

A

A bony ring around the eye.

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20
Q

What type of vision do most primates have?

A

Color vision

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21
Q

What is color vision?

A

The ability to differentiate different wavelengths of light.

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22
Q

Name & describe 3 types of views (hint: -chromatic)

A
  1. Monochromatic: no greens, blues, or reds.
  2. Dichromatic: only blues & greens
  3. Trichromatic: blues, greens, and reds.
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23
Q

What is the most common view amongst mammals?

A

Dichromatic

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24
Q

What are opsins?

A

Color receptors in the eyes located on the surface of the cones in the retina of the eye.

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25
Q

What does the retina contain that allows for vision?

A

Photoreceptors (cones & rods)

26
Q

Which of the two, cones or rods, contain opsins?

A

Cones (allow for color vision).

27
Q

What types of view do the following demographics have?

  1. Monkeys in Africa/Asia
  2. Apes & Humans
  3. Monkeys in the Americas
  4. Diurnal Lemurs
  5. Nocturnals
A
  1. Trichromatic
  2. Trichromatic
  3. Di- and Trichromatic
  4. Dichromatic
  5. Monochromatic
28
Q

What are advantages of seeing in color?

A

Can pick up on visual cues, and better forage.

29
Q

What is the advantage of dichromatic vision?

A

> Breaking the color camouflage

>not distracted by colors

30
Q

What is olfaction?

A

The action or capacity of smelling; the sense of smell. (less important)

31
Q

Are primate olfactory structures larger or smaller in primates?

A

Smaller

32
Q

Describe primates’ brain size in relation to body size.

A

Primates have larger brains relative to body size.

33
Q

Name the parts of the brain (primates).

A

Brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex.

34
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

Physiological Functions

35
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex responsible for?

A

interpretation, memory, & thought.

36
Q

What are Life History Patterns?

A

traits associated with the biological life cycle.

37
Q

What are 4 traits of the Life History Patterns?

A

A. Longer gestation period
B. Reduced number of offspring
C. Longer infant dependency
D. Longer lifespan (45+ years)

38
Q

In regards to Primate Patterns, describe sociality & flexibility.

A

> highly social, live in a social group

> flexible to environmental change

39
Q

Who studies primates?

A

> anatomists
biologists/zoologists
psychologists
anthropologists (only since 1950’s)

40
Q

What does Anthropology split into?

A

> Biological Anthropology

>Sociocultural/archaeology/linguistic anthropology

41
Q

What is primatology a subsection of?

A

Biological Anthropology

42
Q

Why study non-human Primates?

A

To better understand human biological evolution.

43
Q

State 3 goals of anthropological primatology.

A
  1. Elucidate humans’ origins using a comparative approach
  2. Human/Non-human primate interfacing (interacting)
  3. Applied primatology
44
Q

Define ethnoprimatology.

A

ecological/cultural interconnectedness across time & space.

45
Q

In regards to elucidating human origins using a comparative approach, what are some points of comparison?

A

> Anatomy/Physiology/Behavior
How similar/different
Human Uniqueness

46
Q

Describe Applied Primatology.

A

Study behavior–>informs captive management conservation efforts.

47
Q

What are 2 major research settings in which anthropologists study primates? Give examples.

A
  1. Captive Settings ex. zoos, laboratories.

2. Field Settings ex. native habitats, free ranging.

48
Q

List advantages of a captive setting.

A
  1. controlled environment
  2. increased observability
  3. ability to manipulate subjects/environment
  4. kinship records

> amenable to cognitive tasks & social behavior/kin

49
Q

What is the disadvantage of captive settings?

A

Not typically able to observe what the subjects are truly capable of.

50
Q

What topics are typically studied in captive settings?

A

Psychology & Biology

51
Q

What topics are typically studied in field settings?

A

Ecology, feeding, and ranging.

52
Q

List 2 advantages of field settings.

A
  1. High Generalizability

2. More typical behavior

53
Q

List 3 disadvantages of field settings.

A
  1. Low observability
  2. Observer presence
  3. Logistical issues
54
Q

Define Taxonomy.

A

Means of organizing/ordering biological diversity via a series of commonly accepted names for organisms.

55
Q

What system do we use to name organisms, and who developed it? What two components make up the name?

A

Binomial Nomenclature, developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Name is the genus + the species.

56
Q

What are examples of human-primate interface?

A

Ethnoprimatology, roadside monkeys, provisioning.

57
Q

Define Anthropolgy.

A

The study of humanity/ human behavior.

58
Q

What is Anthropological Primatology?

A

The study of non-human primates; a subfield of Anthropology.

59
Q

Why are primatologists ditching the terms “New World” and “Old World” when describing the geographical location of monkeys?

A

The terms have traces to its colonialism in its background.

60
Q

How do primates move about their environment (locomotion)?

A

> Quadrupedalism

>Arboreal Quadrupeds >Suspensory Locomotion

ANTHRO355 - Primate Behavior (2 decks)

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