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Anthro 150 > Anthro 150 > Flashcards

Anthro 150 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Age of Discovery”

A

fifteenth and sixteenth century- Europeans discovered other peoples and created a racial narrative of superiority.

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2
Q

Is race socially constructed?

A

yes

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3
Q

What is the historical meaning of race?

A

An idea about the geographic patterning of human biological variation

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4
Q

Is culture considered race?

A

No, many may refer to “jewish race” or “Irish race” but this is not to do with biological variation; it is to do with culture

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5
Q

Which parts of the world can darker-skinned people be typically found?

A

Close to the equator - Africa, Australia, and islands in the Pacific.

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6
Q

Which parts of the world can lighter-skinned people be typically found?

A

Closer to the poles - northern Europe and Asia

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7
Q

How can we define race?

A

The geographic pattern of variation in some biological traits that distinguish different human populations.

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8
Q

Ethnicity refers to:

A

Group membership based on a series of explicit cultural markers, including language, norms and beliefs, religion, national origin, and is not based on shared biological features.

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9
Q

What is Biogeographical Ancestry?

A

BGA tests can reveal the likelihood that an individual shares ancestors with members of various populations.

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10
Q

What does Mitochondrial DNA determine?

A

Your maternal DNA and lineage

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11
Q

What does the Y-Chromosomes determine?

A

Your paternal DNA and lineage.

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12
Q

What does nuclear DNA determine?

A

Traces your overall ancestry

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13
Q

What is Polymorphic Variation?

A

reflects the genetic diversity packaged within populations of homo sapiens

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14
Q

What are the differences and similarities of Polytypic and Polymorphic Variation?

A

Polytypic variation includes the fact that Africans and Europeans have differences while Polymorphism refers to the fact that within Africa people share many different features.
Both are present in phenotype.

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15
Q

Are Homo Sapiens polymorphic and Polytypic?

A

yes

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16
Q

What is the most commonly used racial trait?

A

Skin colour

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17
Q

What is the function of the normal distribution or bell curve? Is this categorization valid?

A

Diving variable traits among humans to find a normal distribution of traits in one race or the other.
This is not scientifically valid.

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18
Q

The evolutionary theory - Charles Darwin

A

Understanding the evolutionary and historical processes that led to patterns of biological diversity in humans today.

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19
Q

What is the “biocultural approach”?

A

Evaluates both the biological and the cultural aspects of race formation and classification.

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20
Q

Some examples of what race is NOT:

A

Linguistic groups
Religious groups
National or ethnic groups
Cultural markers

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21
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

An organisms observable traits

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22
Q

Are markers of race arbitrary ?

A

yes

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23
Q

What percent of genetic differences belong to the same “race”

A

80-90%

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24
Q

Is human variation discrete and continuous or non-discrete and continuous?

A

Human variation is not discrete and continuous

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25
Q

In what centuries did race form?

A

the 16th-18th centuries.

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26
Q

Did human categorization exist before “race”?

A

yes, typically by privilege and inequality. You can change categories - unlike race.

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27
Q

What did the term “race” first mean?

A

“lineage” or “breed”

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28
Q

Occurence’s in the 18th century

A

The Enlightenment and Age of Reason
The great chain of being: Hierarchy of Gods creations

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29
Q

What is monogenesis?

A

All humans come from the same Adam and Eve (mono)

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30
Q

What is polygenesis?

A

Different groups of humans had their own Adam and Eve’s (poly)

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31
Q

What is Scientific Racism and when did it emerge?

A

Theories about explaining human variation, often based on race and superiority. There are no overlapping traits between races- To be able to segregate they needed certain traits to make superior - European traits were seen to be better.
19th century

32
Q

What is Social Darwinism and when did it emerge?

A

Darwin’s ideas were used for scientific racism, key human division and survival of the fittest.
Classist ideas.
Late 19th century

33
Q

What did the “Jim Crow Laws” strive to accomplish?

A

When slavery was abolished in the 19th century, a new reason needed to keep black people segregated - Racial classification

34
Q

What was Franz Boas critique on scientific racism?

A

No connection between race, language and culture. No fundamental difference between the minds of the “primitives” and the “civilized”. Skull shapes reveal environmental changes and are not related to inherited characteristics.

35
Q

What are Eugenics and what led to this idea?

A

Beliefs and practices aimed at preserving and improving genetic quality - sprouted from Social Darwinism.
Eugenics and WW2 result challenge these ideas

36
Q

What was included in the 1950 UNESCO statement on race?

A

The unity of Homo Sapiens as a single species, made up of a number of populations (pheno and geno types) that constitute different races
No consensus over the number of races.
Consensus that there is no scientific evidence over difference in intelligence between races.
No genetic differences between races in character
This statement: Challenged scientific racism
Races seen as valid (biologically) just not that some are superior to others

37
Q

American Association of Physical Anthropologists 1996 statement

A

Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogenous populations, do not exist in the human species
Humanity cannot be classified into discrete geographic categories with absolute boundaries
Biological differences between human beings reflect both hereditary factors and the influence of natural and social environments

38
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Categorization on cultural traits (language, religion, culture)

39
Q

What is skin colour determined by?

A

Melanin production in the skin.

40
Q

Patterns with skin colour include:

A

Women are lighter than men
Babies are lighter than adults
Old people are lighter than younger

41
Q

What is Gloger’s rule?

A

Dark-skinned people are found near the equator and lighter near the poles. Not true in all parts of the world.

42
Q

What is the “round shaft” hair texture?

A

Straight hair - common in Asia and the Americas

43
Q

What is the “Helix shaped” hair texture?

A

Tightly curled - most common in Africa

44
Q

What is the “elliptical/ oval shape” hair texture?

A

Wavy hair - Most common in Europe

45
Q

What are Epicanthic Folds?

A

Eye folds that are used as a racial marker; common in East Asia.
Will become less pronounced with age.

46
Q

What is the secular trend?

A

Humans become taller with each generation (economic hardship can lead to negative trend)

47
Q

What is the genetic theory on weight?

A

Certain combination of genes makes the body produce insulin rapidly making it easier to put on weight

48
Q

What are the two genetic adaptations of body shape?

A

Body volume
Surface area

49
Q

What is Bergmann’s rule?

A

Body size is larger in colder climates - helps preserve heat

50
Q

What is Allen’s rule?

A

Extremities are shorter in colder climates

51
Q

DNA consists of four types of nucleotides, including:

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

52
Q

What do nucleotides do?

A

Form large sequences, differences in sequence change genetic variability

53
Q

What are alleles?

A

A variant of the same genes - determines blood type

54
Q

Describe mDNA (haploid)

A

Sons and daughters have the same mDNA as their mothers, grandmothers etc. There are changes to mDNA over time.

55
Q

Who is the “Mitochondrial Eve”?

A

East Africa, around 150,000 to 200,00 years ago - the ancestor of all living humans

56
Q

Who is the Y-Chromosome Adam?

A

Africa 200,000 years ago - common ancestor of all living men

57
Q

Is there more genetic diversity in humans than other mammals?

A

No, there is more mDNA diversity in one chimpanzee social group than in the entire species of humans.
1/1000 alleles difference

58
Q

Where did human ancestors diverge?

A

From chimpanzees 3-10 million years ago

59
Q

Who were the first humans?

A

Homo Erectus - 1.5-2 million years ago.
Originated in Africa

60
Q

Anatomically modern humans are:

A

Originated from Africa 200,000 years ago. Spread around the world 60-70,000 years ago.

61
Q

How many individuals are we descended from?

A

Around 10,000 individuals

62
Q

Where is the most human genetic diversity found?

A

Africa, more than every group combined

63
Q

What is the Hemoglobin?

A

a complex protein in the red blood cells; carries oxygen.
Causes sickle-cell disease and has major effects on health

64
Q

Is race real? Explain.

A

Yes, just because it is not based on biology does not mean it does not exist. It is real because it brings real-life consequences- racism & hierarchy

65
Q

What is the “Paradox” of Race?

A

Argument of anthropologists if race is real.
Race is not biological but matters on social, economic, political domains

66
Q

Are Eastern & Southern Europeans / Jewish people White?

A

NO

67
Q

Why should we not abandon race?

A

It will never disappear - important part of identity.
Race can be useful to describe what is happening in society

68
Q

What is genetic determinism (hereditism)?

A

Idea that humans are determined by biology, everything is innate.

69
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Argues that nurture & environment play a dominant role

70
Q

What is todays understanding of nature vs. nurture?

A

Interactionism

71
Q

Who created the first IQ test?

A

Alfred Binet - childrens IQ scores

72
Q

What are the problems with hereditism?

A

It does not explain differences in intelligence. Intelligence is heavily dependent on socio-economic factors.

73
Q

What is the historical issue with IQ testing?

A

the IQ is not about genetics, it is about socio-economic status and structural racism

74
Q

Which “race” is seen as the best for athletics? Why is this problematic?

A

Black people - Racist thinking assumes physical performance goes hand in hand with low intelligence

75
Q

How is racism defined?

A

The notion that humans classified into a given racial grouping are inferior to people in some other grouping

Anthro 150 (2 decks)

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