ANTH RS 3, 4, 5

Question 1

Social Darwinism

Answer 1

The philosophy that by NATURE there are individuals in cultures that are superior to others
The superior should dominate the inferior
By nature, the inferior should become extinct

Question 2

2 reasons to understand social darwinism

Answer 2

1) Foundation of early anthropology

2) Ideas still believed despite lack of scientific views

Question 3

Boundary Maintenance
Neutral
Positive
Negative

Answer 3

The recognition of difference and diversity
Neutral: can see differences by looking
Positive: the mindset that diversity increases survival and helps us adapt to change
Negative: difference is bad

Question 4

The Other

Answer 4

Those who are other than fully civilized

Character, culture, and existence of other is a construction of the Western Culture

Question 5

What do Social Darwinists ask?

Answer 5

Who is the other?
What are their origins?
What is their relationship to us?

Question 6

2 developments in the West in the 19th century that changed how the others were defined

Answer 6

1. Colonialism: “You have something I want and I am superior so I am going to take it.”
2. Colonized the others by taming, training, and eliminating
   Science

Question 7

Justification for Colonialism

Answer 7

White Man’s Burden
“My God has given me a burden and what I have to do is civilize the rest of the world and rescue the slaves from their culture.”
Manifest Destiny

Question 8

19th Century age of Science

Answer 8

Charles Darwin Evolution

Question 9

Darwin was not a social darwinist

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Phenotypes

Answer 10

External superficial characteristics

Question 11

Unilineal Evolution

Answer 11

A theory that places particular cultures into specific evolutionary stages, all cultures evolved in three different stages: savagery, barbarism, civilization

Question 12

Fossil Other

Answer 12

Cultures that can no longer change, dead cultures

Question 13

Race of the 19th Century

Answer 13

Races are different species of beings (negative boundary maintenance)

Question 14

What are the five elements of social darwinism used to construct the notion of race?

Answer 14

1. Race=different species
2. Multiple origins (polygenes)
3. Races not equally human (Unilinear Evolution)
4. Justifies social/economic and political policies benefitting some while exploiting others (slavery, colonialism)
5. Proven by science

Question 15

Survival of the Fittest (SD)

Answer 15

The strongest should dominate the weak and the weak will die out

Question 16

What does race imply?

Answer 16

Implies that humans belong to distinct population groups that are fundamentally different by nature
Impossible for races to live together and understand each other
Some races by nature are superior
The laws of society should reflect that reality

Question 17

What does race imply?

Answer 17

Implies that humans belong to distinct population groups that are fundamentally different by nature
Impossible for races to live together and understand each other
Some races by nature are superior
The laws of society should reflect that reality

Question 18

How many races are there?

Answer 18

Zero

Question 19

3 reasons for the rise of anthropology at the end of 19th

Answer 19

Anthropology becomes the science to understand and explain human origins and diversity

Question 20

By the end of the 19th century, anthropology becomes the social and biological science used to explain the origins, human behavior, and nature of human beings

Answer 20

1. seek solutions for problems in the west
2. need to control the other
3. create cultural exhibits in museums

Question 21

First Critical Phase in American Anthropology

Answer 21

Science or Social Darwinism

Question 22

Franz Boas and the Inuits

Answer 22

The Father of Anthropology
In 1883, Boas is traveling to the Arctic Circle where he meets the Inuits. He becomes facinated with the fact that these people are able to adapt to these harsh conditions. This causes him to quit Geology and become an anthropologist.

Question 23

Three Contributions made by Franz Boas

Answer 23

1887: Creates first postgraduate program in anthropology at Columbia
Emphasis on Fieldwork: the only way to truly understand a culture is by living with them and doing what they do
Anti Social Darwinism

Question 24

Two opposing views concerning human origins and diversity at the end of the 19th century?

Answer 24

Homo Erectus in Asia was the ancestor of the modern man

DNA however, suggested that humans evolved in Africa

Question 25

Darwinian Evolution

Answer 25

Organisms develop

Question 26

What is the foundation of Darwinian Biology?

Answer 26

All life evolves

Question 27

Genetic Change

Answer 27

1. Mutation: change in DNA

2. Selection and adaptation

Question 28

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 28

As an organism moves or finds itself in a different environment, it has to change in order to survive

Question 29

Characteristics that make Homo Erectus our closest relative

Answer 29

1. Large brain
2. Makes and uses tools
3. Hunters
4. Makes and uses fire
5. Thinks abstractly
6. Migrates, bipedal
7. Bury their dead
8. Socially Sophisticated

Question 30

Where is the cradle of humanity?

Answer 30

East and South Africa has produced a large amount of hominid fossils

Question 31

Out of Africa

Answer 31

The theory that Homo Sapiens first developed in Africa then traveled around the world

Question 32

Conditions for Continued Human Evolution

Answer 32

1. Adaptation to changing environment
2. Mixing ethnic groups
3. New diets and drugs
4. New diseases
5. Genetic manipulation

Question 33

3 reasons why darwinian evolution is important (the belief in survival of the fittest, used to justify racism, eugenics)

Answer 33

1. It is the scientific explanation of natural reality
2. It disproves social darwinism
3. It illustrates the conflict over cultural values