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ANTH Mid Term Flashcards

MEMORIZE

1
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of the similarities and differences of living communities and cultural groups

About observation

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2
Q

Observation

A

A useful tool for understanding the world around us

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3
Q

Participant Observation

A

A method of immersive research that involves living, working, being and participating in the everyday lives of the community you work with. You cannot really know a community of people without full immersion participation and relationship building.

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4
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Believing your own culture way of life is better more correct or more normal than others Judginging others based on your own cultural values

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5
Q

Holism

A

Looking at all aspects of human life language religion biology as interconnected

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6
Q

Fieldwork

A

Participant observation
Ethnography
Field notes interviews surveys

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7
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Opposes Ethnocentrism

Understanding a cultural group their beliefs and practices within their own cultural context and on their own terms

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8
Q

Armchair anthropology

A

Ethnographers gather and utilize information from many sources, such as
fieldwork, museum collections, government records, and archaeological data. In the 19th century, a form of
ethnography developed that was called armchair anthropology, in which theories about human societies and
human behaviors were proposed solely based on secondhand information.

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9
Q

Emic

A

viewing and attempting to
evaluate other peoples and cultures according to
the standards of those cultures; an “insider’s”
point of view.

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10
Q

Etic

A

(or ethnocentric) perspective viewing a
culture from the perspective of an outsider
looking in

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11
Q

Cultural Appropriation

A

the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.
“his dreadlocks were widely criticized as another example of cultural appropriation”

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

seeks to understand the purpose of the elements and
aggregates of culture in the here and now.

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13
Q

Historical particularism

A

Bosian - an approach to cultural
change that describes the combination of internal
and external factors that shapes the unique
historical trajectory of each culture

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14
Q

Ontology

A

the study of the nature of existence.

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15
Q

Ritual

A

repeated, patterned action conventionally
associated with a particular meaning, often
incorporating symbolic objects and actions

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16
Q

Structuralism

A

the study of culture as a system of
symbolic categories embedded in the myths,
religion, kinship, and other realms of a culture.

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17
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

the idea that all cultures pass
through a single set of developmental stages.

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18
Q

Worldview

A

a very broad ideology that shapes how
the members of a culture generally view the world
and their place in it. Worldviews tend to span
several realms, including religion, economics,
and politics

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19
Q

Societies

A

Are complex and diverse several characteristics make every society a particular one

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20
Q

Ethnography

A

A research method used by cultural anthropologists to study and describe cultures in detail

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21
Q

Characteristics

A

Involves immersive fieldwork participant observation and the collection of qualitative data

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22
Q

Defining Cultures

A

Cultures refers to the shared beliefs values norms behavior and practices that characterize a particular group of people

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23
Q

Purpose

A

To gain a deep understanding of cultural practices beliefs values and social structures within a specific community or society

24
Q

Basic elements of culture

A

Material, Behavioral, Cognitive

25
Material culture
encompasses physical objects created or used by a society such as tools clothing art architecture and technology
26
Behavioral culture
refers to the actions rituals traditional customs and practices that are performed within a culture including ceremonies dances celebrations and daily routines
27
Cognitive culture
includes the beliefs ideologies, worldviews perceptions knowledge systems and attitudes that shape the mindset of individuals within a culture
28
Aggregates of cultures
These basic elements combine and interact to form more complex cultural phenomena known as aggregates Some common aggregates include symbols, rituals, social structures
29
Symbols
Objects words gestures or images that carry meaning within a culture and represent abstract concepts or ideas (eg national flags religious symbols logos)
30
Rituals
Formalized repetitive behaviors or ceremonies that hold symbolic meaning and reinforce cultural values beliefs and norms (religious rituals rites of passge holiday traditions)
31
Social structures
Patterns of relationship roles studies
32
The Neur
The Neur tend to define all social processes and relationships in terms of cattle Their social idiom is a bovine idiom Symbols: Cattle horns and hides serve as symbols of wealth status and social prestige among the Nuer Rituals: Marriage initiation rites funeral practices Cattle play a central role in Nuer rituals and ceremonies including marriage initiation rites and funeral practices Social Structures: Lineage symptoms and clan affiliations are closely tied to cattle ownership and management
33
Foraging
Gathering wild plants and hunting wild animals Little to no food shortage Often people are frequently mobile 99.9% of human history What types of food are foraged? Nuts, berries, livestock, small animals, fruits Is there a division of labor? Man would be hunting Woman gathering (better object memory and color distinction) Which foraging strategy appears to be more reliable? Gathering If hunting and gathering is so successful, why do human societies farm? To eliminate competition
34
Horticulture
Cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet basic household needs Modest surplus can be generated Not full blown agriculture/farming Not really making use of irrigation or building canals and such Kinda just like dropping seeds Slash and burn practices in the Bolivian Amazon
35
Pastoralism
Breeding care and use of domestic herding animals Occurs in ecologies where farming is difficult or impossible Incans - Llamas Nuer - Cows Egyptians/Middle East - Camels Mongolians - Horses
36
Agriculture
Increasing yields through intensification to feed larger communities High surplus of food and resources
37
hOW DID PEOPLE ESTABLISH an agriculture based economy in the Andes
High environmental instability and variability Variable precipitation Nightly frosts Strong winds Poor soil quality Frequent erosions
38
Terraces
Allowing farming in steep areas retain water prevent erosion
39
Canals
Transport water from distant areas buffer against insufficient rainfall
40
Raised fields
At night fog rises from water and protects fields from crop killing forests
41
Diversifying the economy
Conditions that lead to poor crop harvest do not necessarily lead to bad herding the success of each is somewhat independent
42
Agropastoralism
Growing crops and raising livestock as the primary means of economic activity
43
Power
The ability to influence and or shape social structures and processes Concentrated power (formal or informal) is authority
44
pOWER IS aCEPHALOUS sOCIETIES
Power is spread widely among members of society Every one has a say
45
Big Men (Ace)
An informal position of leadership where a man does not hold formal political power but ditringuishes himself through wealth public generosity or other means Helps with disputes in the community Onka Big Moka: Onka is an example of a Big Man
46
Band Societies (ACE)
Hunter gatherer forager groups living in small groups of 20-30 people Think: The Hadza these groups are usually egalitarian decisions through consensus those with knowledge and expertise may influence but they do not control
47
Age sets (ACE)
Grouping societies by age groups where each group fulfills specific societal roles Usually are gendered
48
Village Democracy (ACE)
Public councils town meetings to establish decision making. These take on more of an advisory role Democracy was not invited in Athens and the lgbo of eastern Nigeria practiced democracy long before colonization by the British
49
pOWER are centralized societies
Power is concentrated in one or more sociocultural roles
50
Centralized societies
Agricultural intensification leads to the accumulation of wealth and centralization of power Chiefdoms Formal inherited position of leadership Control over territory trade and production of goods A chief can become a king when they increase their domain to encompass several ethnic groups Militarism and Coercive power Use religious ideology to promote their rule and legitimacy
51
States (CS)
Government control with economic extraction (taxes) and social control with law and policing Complex and bureaucratic Monopoly on violence only the government can use extreme forms of violence as punishment _________________States arise from: Integrative pressures: The need for greater coordination to serve the needs of a growing population (infrastructure and food production) Conflict pressures: Need for leaders to manage internal and external threats and maintain social hierarchy War to obtain land and external resources
52
kinship
Something to remember: Power structures can be transferred and legitimized by kinship
53
Marriage (defined by anthropology)
A cultural union between two or more people that established rights and obligations between the people their children and family including sex labor property child rearing exchange and status
54
Forms of marriage
Monogamy: 1 + 1 Polygyny: 1 man +++ women Polyandry: 1 woman ++++ men Group marriage: Multiple men and multiple women
55
Household types
Nuclear and Extended
56
Nuclear family
A household is comprised of parents and their dependent offspring
57
Extended family
A household is comprised of grandparents their children their spouses and children etc

Midterms (8 decks)

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