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Fall Term 2024 > Anth 170 Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Anth 170 Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

an individual’s observable traits (e.g., structure, physiology, or behavior)

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2
Q

Genotype

A

an individual’s genetic make-up; the gene pair that codes for their phenotypes (e.g., AA, Aa, or aa)

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3
Q

Gene

A

the distinct unit of heredity that determines an individual’s phenotypes

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4
Q

Locus

A

where a gene is located on a chromosome (plural: loci)

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5
Q

Allele

A

the particular form of a gene (e.g., A or a)

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6
Q

Gene pair

A

the two alleles found at the same locus of a homologous pair of chromosomes; they may be the same (e.g., AA or aa) or different (e.g., Aa)

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7
Q

Dominant trait

A

the form of a trait that is observable in heterozygotes (Aa)
typically, alleles that code for dominant traits are shown as an uppercase letter (A)

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8
Q

Recessive trait

A

the form of a trait that is observable only in homozygotes (e.g., aa)
typically, alleles that code for recessive traits are shown as a lowercase letter (a)

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

when the two alleles of a gene pair are identical,
genotypes can be homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa)
individuals are sometimes called heterozygotes

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

when the two alleles of a gene pair are different (e.g., Aa)
individuals are sometimes called heterozygotes

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11
Q

Blending

A

An equal blend of the traits of the parents
blending sometimes works to explain complex traits, but doesn’t explain other traits and erases observed variation
THE BLENDING THEORY IS INCORRECT

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12
Q

Discrete traits

A

traits that are individually separate and distinct

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13
Q

Particulate inheritance theory

A

argues that there are discrete units of heredity (i.e., genes) contributed by both parents
these units are discretely maintained in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s external appearance

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14
Q

Parental generation

A

the first set of parents that are crossed

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15
Q

First filial generation

A

the first generation of offspring from the parental generation

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16
Q

Second filial generation

A

the second generation of offspring, resulting from crossing the F1 generation

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17
Q

Segregation

A

when gametes (i.e., egg or sperm) are created, the two genes separate, and each sperm or egg only receives one copy of the gene

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18
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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19
Q

Independent assortment

A

genes controlling different traits are segregated independently of one another into gametes

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20
Q

Nucleotide

A

the basic unit of DNA or RNA: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base (

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21
Q

Base pair

A

a nucleotide and its paired opposite in DNA, used as a measure DNA length

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22
Q

Gene

A

DNA sequence that codes for a protein

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23
Q

Amino Acids

A

the building blocks of a protein

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24
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

a string of amino acids, also known as a protein

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25
Q

Codon

A

three mRNA bases that code for an amino acid

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26
Q

Anticodon

A

three tRNA bases that are complementary to the mRNA codon

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27
Q

DNA

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
responsible for both storing and transferring information

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28
Q

Nucleotide

A

the simplest funcitonal subunit of DNA
Made up of:
1 phosphate molecule
1 sugar
1 nitrogenous base (adenosine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)

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29
Q

4 different types of bases found in DNA

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
Guanine - Cytosine
Thymine - Adenine

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30
Q

Polynucleotide chain

A

a single strand of DNA is made of many nucleotides linked by strong chemical bonds between the phosphate and sugar molecules
a DNA molecule is made up of 2 polynucleotide chains

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31
Q

DNA replication happens

A

during mitosis and meiosis

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32
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division that leads to 2 daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
typical of ordinary tissue growth

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33
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that leads to the production of 4 gamete cells that each have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction

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34
Q

RNA

A

RiboNucleic Acid
has a different sugar than DNA (ribose sugar)
single-stranded, unlike DNA (double-stranded)

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35
Q

In an RNA strand

A

Uracil replaces Thymine

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36
Q

Steps for Transcription

A
  1. the 2 DNA strand separate
  2. free RNA bases (A, C, G, U) pair with their complementary DNA bases from the DNA template strand
  3. the RNA bases (ribonucleotides) bond to each other, forming a polyribonucleotide chain of RNA
  4. the RNA strand breaks away from the DNA strand, undergoes further molecular processing, and leaves the cell nucleus
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37
Q

mRNA and tRNA

A

mRNA - messenger RNA; created during transcription
tRNA - carries the amino acids to the mRNA strand

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38
Q

Mutation

A

a change in an individual’s DNA sequence

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39
Q

Point mutation

A

the simplest kind of mutation
where a SINGLE base in the DNA sequence is swapped for another

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40
Q

Synonymous mutation

A

mutations that change the DNA sequence but not the polypeptide chain

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41
Q

Non-synonymous mutation

A

mutations that change the polypeptide chain, which changes an individual’s phenotype

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42
Q

Population genetics

A

the study of how genes are expressed and inherited over generations in a population

43
Q

Hardy-Weinberg model

A

allows us to test if a population is evolving over time
can use phenotype frequencies to infer the underlying genotype frequencies and allele frequences that make up the gene pool

44
Q

Phenotype frequency

A

the ratio of individuals in a population with a specific phenotype

45
Q

Genotype frequency

A

the ratio of individuals in a population with a specific genotype

46
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

A

we have to assume the population is at equilibrium meaning that:
1. Mating is random with respect to the trait being studied
2. Mutation is not occurring at the locus being studies
3. The population has an infinite size
4. There is no migration in or out of the population
5. Natural selection is not acting on the trait being studied

47
Q

Evolutionary forces

A
  1. Non-random mating
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic drift
  4. Migration, or gene flow
  5. Natural selection
48
Q

Anatomical Directions

A

Superior - above
Inferior - below
Medial - toward the midline (center) of the body
Lateral - away from midline (center) of the body
Proximal - toward the trunk of the body (chest and abdomen); used to describe limbs
Distal - away from the trunk of the body (chest and abdomen); used to describe limbs
Cranial/rostral - toward the head
Caudal - toward the tail; away from the head
Anterior - front side of the body; forward
Posterior - back side of the body; behind
Ventral - belly side of the body
Dorsal - back side of the body

49
Q

Dental Formulas

A

to calculate a dental formula, focus on HALF of the jaw (upper or lower jaw)
count INCISORS first
count CANINES next
count PREMOLARS next
count MOLARS next
I; C; P; M

50
Q

Maxilla

A

the part of the skull forming the upper part of the jaw, the roof of the mouth, and the lower parts of the eye socket and nose
part of the axial skeleton

51
Q

Mandible

A

the part of the skull forming the lower jaw; often lo longer connected to the skull after death
part of the axial skeleton

52
Q

Zygomatics

A

the part of the skull forming the cheeks and lower sides of the eye socket
part of the axial skeleton

52
Q

Frontal

A

the bone that makes up the forehead and the top of the eye sockets
part of the axial skeleton

52
Q

Occipital

A

the bone that makes up the back of the skull
part of the axial skeleton

53
Q

Orbits

A

the part of the skull forming the eye sockets; not actually a bone themselves, but consist of several other bones
part of the axial skeleton

53
Q

Parietal

A

the bones that make up the top and the side of the skull
part of the axial skeleton

54
Q

Nasals

A

the bones that make up the roof of the nose
part of the axial skeleton

54
Q

Sternum

A

the flat, tie shaped bone in the middle and front of the chest where the ribs connect (also known as the breastbone)
part of the axial skeleton

54
Q

Temporals

A

the bones that make up the lower side of the skull (our ear openeings are locoated on the temporal bones)
part of the axial skeleton

54
Q

Ribs

A

thin, float, and curved bones that make up the chest cavity
part of the axial skeleton

55
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

the bones that make up the neck, and consist of ring-shaped vertebrae
part of the axial skeleton

55
Q

Sacrum

A

the heart-shaped portion of the vertebral column that makes up the back of the pelvic girdle
part of the axial skeleton

55
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

the part of the vertebral column that make up the lower back
these are “moose-shaped” vertebrae with 5 projections off the main body
part of the axial skeleton

56
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

the part of the vertebral column that articulate with (touch) the ribs
these are ‘giraffe-shaped” vertebrae with 3 main projections of the main body
part of the axial skeleton

56
Q

Clavicle

A

the bone that connects the arm to the trunk as part of the shoulder girdle
also known as the collar bone
part of the appendicular skeleton

57
Q

Caudal vertebrae (also known as coccygeal vertebrae or coccyx)

A

the very bottom of the vertebral column
these are several very small vertebrae fused together
also known as the tail bone
part of the axial skeleton

58
Q

Scapula

A

the bone that connects the arm to the clavicle as part of the shoulder girdle
also known as the shoulder blade
part of the appendicular skeleton

59
Q

Humerus

A

the upper arm bone that connects to the shoulder
part of the appendicular skeleton

60
Q

Ulna

A

part of the lower arm and connects to the hand on the pinky side; it has a distinctinve U-shaped curved head
part of the appendicular skeleton

60
Q

Radius

A

one of the bones of the lower arm and connects to the hand on the thumb side of the hand; has a smooth, round head that looks like the knob of a radio dial
part of the appendicular skeleton

61
Q

Carpals

A

make up the bones in the wrist and base of the hand
part of the appendicular skeleton

62
Q

Metacarpals

A

make up the bones in the palm of the hand
part of the appendicular skeleton

63
Q

Femur

A

located in the thigh
has a sphere shaped head on the proximal end and two rounded projections on the distal end
part of the appendicular skeleton

63
Q

Phalanges (hands)

A

also known as fingers
part of the appendicular skeleton

63
Q

Tibia

A

also known as the shin bone
T-shaped head on the proximal end and a hooked shaped projection on the distal end
part of the appendicular skeleton

64
Q

Ox Coxae (singular: ox coxa)

A

also known as hip bones
part of the appendicular skeleton

64
Q

Fibula

A

the long thin bone that forms the outer part of the lower leg
has a bulbous shaped head with a pointed tip at the proximal end and a rounded triangular knob at the distal end
part of the appendicular skeleton

64
Q

Patella

A

also known as the knee cap
arrow-head shaped bone
part of the appendicular skeleton

65
Q

Tarsals

A

the bones of the ankle and hindfoot
part of the appendicular skeleton

65
Q

Metatarsals

A

the bones of the midfoot
part of the appendicular skeleton

65
Q

Phalanges (feet)

A

also known as toes
part of the appendicular skeleton

66
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

the large opening at the back of the skull where the spinal cord exits the skull
found on the occipital bone

67
Q

Supraorbital Torus

A

also known as the brow ridge
found on the frontal bone

68
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

two smooth, rounded projections next to the foramen magnum and are where the top of the vertebral column articulates (touches) the skull
located on the occipital bone

69
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

a bar of bone that wraps around the skull connecting the cheeks and the side of the skull
the anterior portion is located on the ZYGOMATIC bone and the posterior portion is located on the TERMPORAL bone

70
Q

Siding the ulna

A

Hold the ulna so that the half-moon shaped curve is pointing towards you and facing down
find the smooth notch next to this
it is on the same side of the bone in this view as the side of the body that it comes form

71
Q

Siding the humerus

A

use the medial epicondyle (thumb-like projection) on the humerus
it comes from the same side of the body that the projection is on

72
Q

Siding the Ox Coxa

A

find the rough surface of bone on the broad part of the ox coxa
hold it so the rough portion is facing you with the pointed portion facing out
the side that the rough portion of the bone (the auricular surface) is on the SAME side of the body

73
Q

Siding the femur

A

find the anterior side of the femur (the side without lateral condyles)
the head faces the same direction as the bone is on the body

73
Q

Siding the tibia

A

the medial malleolus (the hooked projection on the distal end of the bone) is on the same side of the bone as the bone is on the body

74
Q

What taxonomy groups do humans belong to?

A

Haplorrhines, anthropoids, catarrhines, hominoids, and hominims

75
Q

species being studied

A

Strepsirrhines
Tarsiers
Platyrrhines
Cercopithecoids
Non-human apes
Humans

75
Q

Post-Orbital Bar

A

a ring of bone that completes the side of the orbits

76
Q

Tympanic Tubes

A

found among 2 cercopithecoids, non-human apes, and humans

76
Q

Prognathism

A

measures how far the jaw protrudes past the forehead

77
Q

Tympanic Rings

A

found among strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and platyrrhines

77
Q

Post-Orbital Plate

A

a bony plate in the back of the eye socket that fully closes the socket off

77
Q

Post-Orbital Plate found in

A

Platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, non-human apes, and humans
TARSIERS - PARTIAL

78
Q

Face/Vault Ratio

A

Face - area from the top of the orbits to the top of the jaw
Vault - area from the forehead to the back of the skull that is occupied by the brain

79
Q

Primate dental formulas

A

Catarrhine - 2.1.2.3
(cercopithecoids, non-human apes, and humans)
Srepsirrhine - 2.1.3.3
(tarsiers and platyrrhines)

80
Q

Y5 Molars

A

have 5 cusps (points; 3 on the cheek side, 2 on the tongue side) with a Y-shaped pattern separating the rows
uniquely found among HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN APES

81
Q

Sectorial P3

A

upper canine projects far past other teeth and wears against the lower premolar to sharpen it
found among SOME CATARRHINES (cercopithecoids and non-humans apes)

81
Q

Tooth Comb

A

uniquely found among STREPSIRRHINES
consists of 6 teeth (4 incisors, 2 canines) that are fused together and extend forward and is used for grooming fur

81
Q

Bilophodont Molars

A

have 4 cusps (points) arranged in a square pattern with 2 parallel rows
uniquely found among CERCOPITHECOIDS

Fall Term 2024 (2 decks)

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