Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall Term 2024 > Anth 170 Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Anth 170 Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

an individual’s observable traits (e.g., structure, physiology, or behavior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genotype

A

an individual’s genetic make-up; the gene pair that codes for their phenotypes (e.g., AA, Aa, or aa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gene

A

the distinct unit of heredity that determines an individual’s phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Locus

A

where a gene is located on a chromosome (plural: loci)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Allele

A

the particular form of a gene (e.g., A or a)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gene pair

A

the two alleles found at the same locus of a homologous pair of chromosomes; they may be the same (e.g., AA or aa) or different (e.g., Aa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dominant trait

A

the form of a trait that is observable in heterozygotes (Aa)
typically, alleles that code for dominant traits are shown as an uppercase letter (A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Recessive trait

A

the form of a trait that is observable only in homozygotes (e.g., aa)
typically, alleles that code for recessive traits are shown as a lowercase letter (a)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homozygous

A

when the two alleles of a gene pair are identical,
genotypes can be homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa)
individuals are sometimes called heterozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Heterozygous

A

when the two alleles of a gene pair are different (e.g., Aa)
individuals are sometimes called heterozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blending

A

An equal blend of the traits of the parents
blending sometimes works to explain complex traits, but doesn’t explain other traits and erases observed variation
THE BLENDING THEORY IS INCORRECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Discrete traits

A

traits that are individually separate and distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Particulate inheritance theory

A

argues that there are discrete units of heredity (i.e., genes) contributed by both parents
these units are discretely maintained in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s external appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parental generation

A

the first set of parents that are crossed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First filial generation

A

the first generation of offspring from the parental generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Second filial generation

A

the second generation of offspring, resulting from crossing the F1 generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Segregation

A

when gametes (i.e., egg or sperm) are created, the two genes separate, and each sperm or egg only receives one copy of the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Independent assortment

A

genes controlling different traits are segregated independently of one another into gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nucleotide

A

the basic unit of DNA or RNA: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Base pair

A

a nucleotide and its paired opposite in DNA, used as a measure DNA length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gene

A

DNA sequence that codes for a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amino Acids

A

the building blocks of a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

a string of amino acids, also known as a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Codon
three mRNA bases that code for an amino acid
26
Anticodon
three tRNA bases that are complementary to the mRNA codon
27
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid responsible for both storing and transferring information
28
Nucleotide
the simplest funcitonal subunit of DNA Made up of: 1 phosphate molecule 1 sugar 1 nitrogenous base (adenosine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)
29
4 different types of bases found in DNA
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine Guanine - Cytosine Thymine - Adenine
30
Polynucleotide chain
a single strand of DNA is made of many nucleotides linked by strong chemical bonds between the phosphate and sugar molecules a DNA molecule is made up of 2 polynucleotide chains
31
DNA replication happens
during mitosis and meiosis
32
Mitosis
cell division that leads to 2 daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell typical of ordinary tissue growth
33
Meiosis
cell division that leads to the production of 4 gamete cells that each have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction
34
RNA
RiboNucleic Acid has a different sugar than DNA (ribose sugar) single-stranded, unlike DNA (double-stranded)
35
In an RNA strand
Uracil replaces Thymine
36
Steps for Transcription
1. the 2 DNA strand separate 2. free RNA bases (A, C, G, U) pair with their complementary DNA bases from the DNA template strand 3. the RNA bases (ribonucleotides) bond to each other, forming a polyribonucleotide chain of RNA 4. the RNA strand breaks away from the DNA strand, undergoes further molecular processing, and leaves the cell nucleus
37
mRNA and tRNA
mRNA - messenger RNA; created during transcription tRNA - carries the amino acids to the mRNA strand
38
Mutation
a change in an individual's DNA sequence
39
Point mutation
the simplest kind of mutation where a SINGLE base in the DNA sequence is swapped for another
40
Synonymous mutation
mutations that change the DNA sequence but not the polypeptide chain
41
Non-synonymous mutation
mutations that change the polypeptide chain, which changes an individual's phenotype
42
Population genetics
the study of how genes are expressed and inherited over generations in a population
43
Hardy-Weinberg model
allows us to test if a population is evolving over time can use phenotype frequencies to infer the underlying genotype frequencies and allele frequences that make up the gene pool
44
Phenotype frequency
the ratio of individuals in a population with a specific phenotype
45
Genotype frequency
the ratio of individuals in a population with a specific genotype
46
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions
we have to assume the population is at equilibrium meaning that: 1. Mating is random with respect to the trait being studied 2. Mutation is not occurring at the locus being studies 3. The population has an infinite size 4. There is no migration in or out of the population 5. Natural selection is not acting on the trait being studied
47
Evolutionary forces
1. Non-random mating 2. Mutation 3. Genetic drift 4. Migration, or gene flow 5. Natural selection
48
Anatomical Directions
Superior - above Inferior - below Medial - toward the midline (center) of the body Lateral - away from midline (center) of the body Proximal - toward the trunk of the body (chest and abdomen); used to describe limbs Distal - away from the trunk of the body (chest and abdomen); used to describe limbs Cranial/rostral - toward the head Caudal - toward the tail; away from the head Anterior - front side of the body; forward Posterior - back side of the body; behind Ventral - belly side of the body Dorsal - back side of the body
49
Dental Formulas
to calculate a dental formula, focus on HALF of the jaw (upper or lower jaw) count INCISORS first count CANINES next count PREMOLARS next count MOLARS next I; C; P; M
50
Maxilla
the part of the skull forming the upper part of the jaw, the roof of the mouth, and the lower parts of the eye socket and nose part of the axial skeleton
51
Mandible
the part of the skull forming the lower jaw; often lo longer connected to the skull after death part of the axial skeleton
52
Zygomatics
the part of the skull forming the cheeks and lower sides of the eye socket part of the axial skeleton
52
Frontal
the bone that makes up the forehead and the top of the eye sockets part of the axial skeleton
52
Occipital
the bone that makes up the back of the skull part of the axial skeleton
53
Orbits
the part of the skull forming the eye sockets; not actually a bone themselves, but consist of several other bones part of the axial skeleton
53
Parietal
the bones that make up the top and the side of the skull part of the axial skeleton
54
Nasals
the bones that make up the roof of the nose part of the axial skeleton
54
Sternum
the flat, tie shaped bone in the middle and front of the chest where the ribs connect (also known as the breastbone) part of the axial skeleton
54
Temporals
the bones that make up the lower side of the skull (our ear openeings are locoated on the temporal bones) part of the axial skeleton
54
Ribs
thin, float, and curved bones that make up the chest cavity part of the axial skeleton
55
Cervical vertebrae
the bones that make up the neck, and consist of ring-shaped vertebrae part of the axial skeleton
55
Sacrum
the heart-shaped portion of the vertebral column that makes up the back of the pelvic girdle part of the axial skeleton
55
Lumbar vertebrae
the part of the vertebral column that make up the lower back these are "moose-shaped" vertebrae with 5 projections off the main body part of the axial skeleton
56
Thoracic Vertebrae
the part of the vertebral column that articulate with (touch) the ribs these are 'giraffe-shaped" vertebrae with 3 main projections of the main body part of the axial skeleton
56
Clavicle
the bone that connects the arm to the trunk as part of the shoulder girdle also known as the collar bone part of the appendicular skeleton
57
Caudal vertebrae (also known as coccygeal vertebrae or coccyx)
the very bottom of the vertebral column these are several very small vertebrae fused together also known as the tail bone part of the axial skeleton
58
Scapula
the bone that connects the arm to the clavicle as part of the shoulder girdle also known as the shoulder blade part of the appendicular skeleton
59
Humerus
the upper arm bone that connects to the shoulder part of the appendicular skeleton
60
Ulna
part of the lower arm and connects to the hand on the pinky side; it has a distinctinve U-shaped curved head part of the appendicular skeleton
60
Radius
one of the bones of the lower arm and connects to the hand on the thumb side of the hand; has a smooth, round head that looks like the knob of a radio dial part of the appendicular skeleton
61
Carpals
make up the bones in the wrist and base of the hand part of the appendicular skeleton
62
Metacarpals
make up the bones in the palm of the hand part of the appendicular skeleton
63
Femur
located in the thigh has a sphere shaped head on the proximal end and two rounded projections on the distal end part of the appendicular skeleton
63
Phalanges (hands)
also known as fingers part of the appendicular skeleton
63
Tibia
also known as the shin bone T-shaped head on the proximal end and a hooked shaped projection on the distal end part of the appendicular skeleton
64
Ox Coxae (singular: ox coxa)
also known as hip bones part of the appendicular skeleton
64
Fibula
the long thin bone that forms the outer part of the lower leg has a bulbous shaped head with a pointed tip at the proximal end and a rounded triangular knob at the distal end part of the appendicular skeleton
64
Patella
also known as the knee cap arrow-head shaped bone part of the appendicular skeleton
65
Tarsals
the bones of the ankle and hindfoot part of the appendicular skeleton
65
Metatarsals
the bones of the midfoot part of the appendicular skeleton
65
Phalanges (feet)
also known as toes part of the appendicular skeleton
66
Foramen Magnum
the large opening at the back of the skull where the spinal cord exits the skull found on the occipital bone
67
Supraorbital Torus
also known as the brow ridge found on the frontal bone
68
Occipital Condyles
two smooth, rounded projections next to the foramen magnum and are where the top of the vertebral column articulates (touches) the skull located on the occipital bone
69
Zygomatic arch
a bar of bone that wraps around the skull connecting the cheeks and the side of the skull the anterior portion is located on the ZYGOMATIC bone and the posterior portion is located on the TERMPORAL bone
70
Siding the ulna
Hold the ulna so that the half-moon shaped curve is pointing towards you and facing down find the smooth notch next to this it is on the same side of the bone in this view as the side of the body that it comes form
71
Siding the humerus
use the medial epicondyle (thumb-like projection) on the humerus it comes from the same side of the body that the projection is on
72
Siding the Ox Coxa
find the rough surface of bone on the broad part of the ox coxa hold it so the rough portion is facing you with the pointed portion facing out the side that the rough portion of the bone (the auricular surface) is on the SAME side of the body
73
Siding the femur
find the anterior side of the femur (the side without lateral condyles) the head faces the same direction as the bone is on the body
73
Siding the tibia
the medial malleolus (the hooked projection on the distal end of the bone) is on the same side of the bone as the bone is on the body
74
What taxonomy groups do humans belong to?
Haplorrhines, anthropoids, catarrhines, hominoids, and hominims
75
species being studied
Strepsirrhines Tarsiers Platyrrhines Cercopithecoids Non-human apes Humans
75
Post-Orbital Bar
a ring of bone that completes the side of the orbits
76
Tympanic Tubes
found among 2 cercopithecoids, non-human apes, and humans
76
Prognathism
measures how far the jaw protrudes past the forehead
77
Tympanic Rings
found among strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and platyrrhines
77
Post-Orbital Plate
a bony plate in the back of the eye socket that fully closes the socket off
77
Post-Orbital Plate found in
Platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, non-human apes, and humans TARSIERS - PARTIAL
78
Face/Vault Ratio
Face - area from the top of the orbits to the top of the jaw Vault - area from the forehead to the back of the skull that is occupied by the brain
79
Primate dental formulas
Catarrhine - 2.1.2.3 (cercopithecoids, non-human apes, and humans) Srepsirrhine - 2.1.3.3 (tarsiers and platyrrhines)
80
Y5 Molars
have 5 cusps (points; 3 on the cheek side, 2 on the tongue side) with a Y-shaped pattern separating the rows uniquely found among HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN APES
81
Sectorial P3
upper canine projects far past other teeth and wears against the lower premolar to sharpen it found among SOME CATARRHINES (cercopithecoids and non-humans apes)
81
Tooth Comb
uniquely found among STREPSIRRHINES consists of 6 teeth (4 incisors, 2 canines) that are fused together and extend forward and is used for grooming fur
81
Bilophodont Molars
have 4 cusps (points) arranged in a square pattern with 2 parallel rows uniquely found among CERCOPITHECOIDS

Fall Term 2024 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions