ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

Question 1

Tumors that have an MIB-1 proliferative index greater than 3%, excessive p53 immunoreactivity, and increased mitotic activity

Answer 1

Atypical pituitary Tumors

Question 2

Monoclonal antibody that is used to detect the Ki-67 antigen, a marker of cell proliferation, and a high “proliferation index” suggests higher degree of atypia

Answer 2

MIB-1

Question 3

The enlargement seen during pregnancy is due to

Answer 3

Lactotroph hyperplasia.

Question 4

Thyrotroph and lactotroph or gonadotroph hyperplasia can also be seen in

Answer 4

Longstanding primary thyroidal or gonadal failure,

Question 5

Structurally related to prolactin and human placental lactogen

Answer 5

Growth Hormone or somatotropin

Question 6

Pituitary cells that produce GH, comprise over one-third of normal pituitary weight.

Answer 6

Somatotrophs

Question 7

GH is considered as __ because it directly influences both anabolic and catabolic processes.

Answer 7

Amphibolic hormone

Question 8

One major effect of GH is _

Answer 8

Allows an individual to effectively transition from a fed state to a fasting state without experiencing a shortage of substrates required for normal intracellular oxidation

Question 9

Although GH has direct effects on many tissues, it also has indirect effects that are mediated by factors that were initially called

Answer 9

Somatomedins

Question 10

Shown to directly play a role in the pathophysiology of several human cancer

Answer 10

IGFBPs and specifically IGFBP-3

Question 11

upregulate active IGFBP-3 secretion, which inhibits IGF-1 signaled mutagenesis, and, thus, inhibits neoplastic cell proliferation

Answer 11

P53 tumor suppressor gene

Question 12

Can be associated with high levels of IGF-I, and levels of IGFBP-3 may be inappropri- ately normal in some people with active acromegaly.

Answer 12

Hepatomas

Question 13

Definitive testing for determining the autonomous production of GH relies upon the normal suppressibility of GH by

Answer 13

Oral glucose loading

Question 14

Results from pathologic or autonomous GH excess and, in the vast majority of patients, is a result of a pituitary tumor.

Answer 14

Acromegaly

Question 15

Structurally related to GH and human pla- cental lactogen. Considered a stress hormone, it has vital functions in relationship to reproduction

Answer 15

Prolactin

Question 16

Considered a polypeptide hormone capable of inhibit- ing prolactin secretion;

Answer 16

Prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF)

Question 17

Unique among the anterior pituitary hormones because its major mode of hypothalamic regulation is tonic inhibition rather than intermittent stimulation

Answer 17

Prolactin

Question 18

The only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits prolactin and is now considered to be the elusive PIF

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

Examples of medications that cause hyperp- rolactinemia include:

Answer 19

Phenothiazines, butyrophenones, metoclopramide, reserpine, tricyclic antidepressants, α-methyldopa, and antipsychotics that antagonize the dopamine D2 receptor

Question 20

Also directly stimulate lactotrophs to synthesize prolacti

Answer 20

Estrogen

Question 21

A pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin, and it represents the most common type of functional pituitary tumor

Answer 21

Prolactinoma

Question 22

The principal form of prolactin is a

Answer 22

23-KD peptide

Question 23

If the 150-kD form of prolactin predominates, this is called

Answer 23

Macroprolactinemia

Question 24

Are the most commonly used therapy for microprolactinomas.

Answer 24

Dopamine agonists

Question 25

Tumor shrinkage is noted in more than 90% of patients treated with either

Answer 25

Bromocriptine mesylate (Parlodel) or cabergoline (Dostinex)

Question 26

Lactation occurring in women with normal prolactin levels is defined

Answer 26

Idiopathic galactorrhea

Question 27

Failure of either the pituitary or the hypothalamus results in the loss of anterior pituitary function. Complete loss of function is termed

Answer 27

Panhypopituitarism

Question 28

Loss of only a single pituitary hormone, which is referred to as

Answer 28

Monotropic hormone deficiency.

Question 29

Postpartum ischemic necrosis of the pituitary following a complicated delivery

Answer 29

Sheehan’s syndrome

Question 30

An autoimmune disease of the pituitary, may only affect a single cell type in the pituitary, resulting in a monotropic hormone deficiency, or can involve all cell types, yielding total loss of function.

Answer 30

Lymphocytic hypophysitis

Question 31

A monoclonal antibody that blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and proven to increase survival in melanoma patients, has been associated with lymphocytic hypophysitis in up to 5% of treated patient

Answer 31

Ipilimumab

Question 32

GnRH is deficient and the patient presents with secondary hypogonadism

Answer 32

Kallmann Syndrome