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HMS302 Endocrine System > Anterior Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Anterior Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinising Hormone (LH) is stimulated by

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus

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2
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) role in females

A

Targets the ovaries:
- For the development of several ovarian follicles
- To stimulate follicular cells to secrete estrogens (female sex hormones)

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3
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) role in males

A

Stimulates sperm production in the testes

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4
Q

Release of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) & Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is suppressed by?

A

Estrogens (in females) & testosterone (in males) through negative feedback systems.

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5
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is stimulated by?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.

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6
Q

Function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

TSH stimulates the synthesis & secretion of the 2 thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)

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7
Q

2 thyroid hormones

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
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8
Q

Release of TRH depends on?

A

Blood levels of T3 & T4 - high levels of T3 & T4 inhibit secretion of TRH via negative feedback.

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9
Q

Role of Luteinising Hormone (LH) in females

A

Luteinising Hormone (LH):
- Triggers ovulation
- Stimulates formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary
- Secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
- together with FSH stimulates the secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells

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10
Q

Estrogen & Progesterone roles

A
  • Prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum.
  • Help prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion.
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11
Q

Role of Luteinising Hormone (LH) in males

A

Stimulates cells in the testes to secrete testosterone

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12
Q

Function of Prolactin (PRL) in females

A

Together with other hormones, it initiates & maintains milk production by the mammary glands.

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13
Q

Prolactin has only a ______ effect.

A

weak

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14
Q

Prolactin (PRL) brings about milk production only after….

A

The mammary glands have been primed by estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, growth hormone (hGH), thyroxine (T4) & insulin which exert permissive effects.

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15
Q

What hormone is ejection of milk from the mammary glands dependent on?

A

Oxytocin

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16
Q

Lactation

A

Production & ejection of milk from the mammary glands.

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17
Q

Hypothalamus secretes both _______ & ________ hormones that regulate prolactin (PRL) secretion.

A

inhibitory & excitatory hormones

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18
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

What happens just before menstruation begins with secretion of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?

A

PIH secretion decreases & PRL blood level increases.

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20
Q

Breast tenderness just before menstruation may be caused by?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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21
Q

Prolactin (PRL) is stimulated by?

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) from the hypothalamus.

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22
Q

Sucking action of a nursing infant causes?

A

A reduction in hypothalamic secretion of Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

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23
Q

Hypersecretion of PRL in males

A

Causes erectile dysfunction (impotence, the inability to have an erection of the penis).

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24
Q

Hypersecretion of PRL in females

A
  • Galactorrhea (inappropriate lactation)
  • Amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycles)
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25
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is stimulated mainly by the?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

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26
Q

Function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Controls the production & secretion of cortisol & other glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal glands.

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27
Q

ACTH release can be stimulated by other things…

A
  • Stress-related stimuli e.g. low blood glucose or physical trauma.
  • Interleukin-1 (produced by macrophages)
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28
Q

What inhibits Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) & Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) hormone?

A

Glucocorticoids / steroid hormones via negative feedback

29
Q

Function of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A
  • Exact role in humans is unknown, but the presence of MSH receptors in the brain suggests it may influence brain activity.
  • When excess can cause darkening of the skin
30
Q

What stimulates & inhibits Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A
  • Stimulated = excessive levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
  • Inhibited = dopamine
31
Q

Name the hormones that are produced in the anterior pituitary gland.

A

7 Hormones:
1. Human growth hormone (hGH) / Somatotropin
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) / thyrotropin
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. Lutenizing hormone (LH)
5. Prolactin (PRL)
6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

32
Q

5 types of anterior pituitary cells

A
  1. Somatotrophs = 50%
  2. Thyrotrophs = 5%
  3. Gonadotrophs = 15%
  4. Lactotrophs = 10%
  5. Corticotrophs = 20%
33
Q

Hormones secreted by Somatotrophs

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)

34
Q

Hormones secreted by Thyrotrophs

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

35
Q

Hormones secreted by Gonadotrophs

A
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
36
Q

Hormones secreted by Lactotrophs

A

Prolactin (PRL)

37
Q

Hormones secreted by Corticotrophs

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) / Corticotropin
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
38
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland aka

A

Adenohypohysis

39
Q

Anterior pituitary gland accounts for about ____ of the total weight & is composed of _______.

A
  • 75%
  • epithelial tissue
40
Q

2 parts of the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Pars distalis = larger portion
  2. Pars tuberalis - forms a sheath around the infundibulum.
41
Q

Anterior pituitary gland connects to the hypothalamus through?

A

The Hypophyseal Portal System

42
Q

Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is regulated in 2 ways

A
  1. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
  2. Negative feedback
43
Q

Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

A
  • Secretes 5 releasing hormones, which stimulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
  • 2 inhibiting hormones, which suppress secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
44
Q

Negative Feedback

A

In the form of hormones released by target glands decreases secretions of 3 types of anterior pituitary cells.
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- cotricotrophs

45
Q

What cells are the most numerous in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Somatotrophs

46
Q

Main function of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

A

To promote synthesis & secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) / somatomedins - small protein hormones

47
Q

Explain Ghrelin

A
  • It is a gastrointestinal peptide that specifically induces human growth hormone (hGH).
  • It’s synthesized in the stomach
  • Important nutritional regulator of hGH secretion
  • Acts to maintain blood sugar levels during starvation
48
Q

Function of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

A

Mediates most peripheral actions of hGH

49
Q

Bursts of hGH are released especially during?

A

Sleep

50
Q

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) secretory activity is controlled mainly by 2 hypothalamic hormones

A
  1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) - promotes secretion of hGH.
  2. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) - suppresses hGH.
51
Q

Others that promote hGH secretion

A
  • Deep sleep (stages 3 & 4 non-rapid eye movement sleep).
  • Increase activity of the sympathetic division of the ANS (e.g. stress or exercise)
  • Other hormones (e.g. glucagon, insulin, estrogen, cortisol)
  • Decrease fatty acids & increase amino acid levels in the blood.
52
Q

Factors that inhibit hGH secretion

A
  • Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) / Somatostatin
  • Rapid eye movement sleep
  • Emotional deprivation & obesity
  • Low levels of thyroid hormone
  • Increase fatty acid & decrease amino acid levels in the blood.
53
Q

3 functions of insulin-like growth hormone (IGF)

A
  1. Causes cells to grow & multiply by increasing uptake of amino acids into cells & accelerating protein synthesis.
  2. Enhances lipolysis in adipose tissue, which results in increased use of the released fatty acids for ATP production by body cells.
  3. Influences carbohydrate metabolism by decreasing glucose uptake, which decreases the use of glucose for ATP production by most body cells.
54
Q

Beta-cell burnout

A

Greatly decreased capacity of pancreatic beta cells to synthesize & secrete insulin due to persistent hyperglycemia.

55
Q

5 types of anterior pituitary cells
- secretes 7 hormones

A
  1. Somatotrophs = 50%
  2. Corticotrophs = 20%
  3. Gonadotrophs = 15%
  4. Lactotrophs = 10%
  5. Thyrotrophs = 5%
56
Q

Anterior pituitary - 7 hormones & cells secreted by it

A
  1. Human growth hormone (hGH) / Somatotropin - somatotrophs
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) / Thyrotropin - thyrotrophs
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - gonadotrophs
  4. Luteinizng hormone (LH) - gonadotrophs
  5. Prolation (PRL) - Lactotrophs
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone / Corticotropin - corticotrophs
  7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - corticotrophs
57
Q

Growth hormone (GH) - function

A

promotes the growth of the entire body by influencing protein formation, cell proliferation & differentiation.

58
Q

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) - function

A

Controls secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones which affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins & fats.

59
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - function

A

Controls the rate of secretion of T3 & T4 by the thyroid gland & these hormones in turn control the rates of most intracellular chemical reactions of the entire body.

60
Q

Prolactin (PRL) - function

A

Promotes mammary gland development & milk production.

61
Q

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH & LH) - function

A

Controls growth of the ovaries & testes as well as their hormonal & reproductive activities.

62
Q

Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is regulated in 2 ways

A
  1. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
    - secrete 5 releasing hormones which stimulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
    - secrete 2 inhibiting hormones which suppress secretion.
  2. Negative feedback
    - in the form of hormones released by target glands decreases secretion of 3 types of anterior pituitary cells.
63
Q

The major regulator of GHRH & GHIH secretion is the?

A

Blood glucose level

64
Q

Functions of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)
(3) - 1

A
  1. Causes cells to grow & multiply = by increasing uptake of amino acids into cells & accelerating protein synthesis.
    - they also decrease the breakdown of proteins & the use of amino acids for ATP production.
    - due to these effects =
    A) childhood & teenage years = increases the growth rate of skeleton & skeletal muscles.
    B) adults = help maintain the mass of muscles & bones, & promote healing of injuries & tissue repair.
65
Q

Functions of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)
(3) - 2

A

Enhances lipolysis in adipose tissue, which results in increased use of the released fatty acids for ATP production by body cells.

66
Q

Functions of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)
(3) - 3

A

Influences carbohydrate metabolism by decreasing glucose uptake, which decreases the use of glucose for ATP production by most body cells.
- this action spares glucose so that it’s available to neurons for ATP production in times of glucose scarcity.
- may also stimulate liver cells to release glucose into the blood.

67
Q

Symptom of excess human growth hormone (hGH)

A

Hyperglycemia

68
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH) has a _____ effect

A

Diabetogenic effect - causes diabetes

69
Q

How does the human growth hormone (hGH) cause a diabetogenic effect?

A

Excess hGH causes hyperglycemia, where persistent hyperglycemia in turn stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin continually. Such excessive stimulation lasting for weeks or months causes beta-cell burnout = greatly decreased capacity of pancreatic beta cells to synthesize & secrete insulin. This leads to diabetes mellitus.

HMS302 Endocrine System (14 decks)

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