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MCN > Antenatal Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Antenatal Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the will and ability of parents to respond to the needs
and aspirations of the family and children.

A

Responsible Parenthood

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2
Q

Duties and Responsibilities of Parents to their Children:

A
  1. Provision of Physical Care and Love
  2. Inculcating discipline
  3. Developing social competence
  4. Providing education
  5. Citizenship training
  6. Teaching the wise use of money
  7. Financial aspect of responsibility
  8. Spiritual formation
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3
Q

a normal cyclic physiologic event signifying the reproductive
years in the human female.

A

Mestruation

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4
Q

is also defined as an episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes or it is the shedding of the lining of the uterus which include blood, some endometrial tissue, white blood cells and mucus.

A

Mestruation

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5
Q

the rhythmic preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg and the discharge of the uterine lining usually at monthly intervals when no fertilized egg enters
the uterus (prepares the uterus for pregnancy).

A

Menstrual Cycle

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6
Q

Purposes of Menstrual Cycle:

A
  1. to bring an ovum to maturity
  2. to renew uterine tissue bed that will be responsible to its growth should it be
    fertilized
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7
Q

What are the four body structures involved in the physiology of menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Ovaries
Uterus

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8
Q

The shedding of the functional 2/3 of the endometrium which is initiated by periodic vasoconstriction of the spiral arterioles most marked in the upper layers
of the endometrium.

A

Menstrual Phase - approximately 4 days

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9
Q

decrease estrogen level in the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to release Gonadotrophin Releasing Factors (GnRF), FSHRF, LHRF, FSHRF stimulates the APG to produce FSH that act on a primodial follicle in an ovary-producing estrogen.

A

Proliferative Phase - approximately 10 days

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10
Q

low level of progesterone in the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to release LHRF that further stimulates the APG to produce LH, responsible for the production of progesterone. Increase amount of ES and Pro pushes the new mature ovum to the surface of the ovary. Graafian follicle ruptures and release the mature ovum thus ovulation occur. Graafian follicle turns to corpus luteum that contains an increasing amount of progesterone and giving it a yellowish appearance.

A

Progestational Phase - approximately 11 days

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11
Q

if the mature ovum is not fertilized, the amounts of hormone in the corpus luteum will start to decrease and turns to white called corpus albicans. After 3-4 days, the thickened lining of the uterus start to degenerate and slough off and capillaries ruptures thus menstruation.

A

Regressive/ Premenstrual Phase - approximately 3 days

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12
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
inhibits the production of FSH

A

Estrogen

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13
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:

causes hypertrophy of the
myometrium

A

Estrogen

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14
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:

increases quantity and pH of
cervical mucus

A

Estrogen

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15
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:

stimulates growth of the ductile
structures of the breast

A

Estrogen

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16
Q

The marital meaning is only present when the natural sexual act occurs between a man and a woman married to each other

A

Marital Act

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17
Q

A family grows from the marriage and union of a male and female. The spouses’ union
achieves the twofold end of marriage:

A

The good of the spouses themselves
The transmission of life

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18
Q

Purposes of Marriage:

A

Unitive
Procreation

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18
Q

are the characteristics that make a man, a man, or a woman, a woman. This includes the man’s or woman’s capability for sexual feelings and behavior. It also includes his or her total personality.

A

Human Sexuality

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18
Q
  • clitoris to increase in size
  • mucoid fluid to appear on vaginal walls as lubrication.
  • vagina widens in diameter and increases in length
  • nipples become erect
A

Excitement Phase

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18
Q

5 major components of Human Sexuality:

A

Biological Sex
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Identity
Gender Identity
Values, attitudes, feelings and emotion

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19
Q

*penile erection occurs, as well as
scrotal thickening and elevation of
the testes.

A

Excitement Phase

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19
Q

there is an increase in heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure

A

Excitement Phase

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20
Q

▪ clitoris is drawn forward and retracts under the clitoral prepuce; the lower part of the
vagina becomes extremely congested (formation of the orgasmic platform), and
▪ there is increased nipple elevation.

A

Plateau Phase

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21
Q

▪ vasocongestion leads to distention of the penis
▪ Heart rate increases to 100 to 175 beats per minute and respiratory rate to approximately 40 respirations per minute.

A

Plateau Phase

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22
Q

▪ average number of contractions for a woman is 8 to 15 contractions at intervals
of 1 every 0.8 seconds.

A

Orgasm Phase

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23
Q

▪ muscle contractions surrounding the seminal vessels and prostate project semen into the proximal urethra. These contractions are followed immediately by three to seven propulsive ejaculatory contractions, occurring at the same time interval

A

Orgasm Phase

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24
Q

▪ do not go through this refractory period, so it is possible for women who are interested and properly stimulated to have additional orgasms immediately after the first

A

Resolution Phase

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25
Q

▪ a refractory period occurs during which further orgasm is impossible.

A

Resolution Phase

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26
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
stimulates growth of vagina and
uterus, thickening of the
endometrium

A

Estrogen

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27
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
increases sexual desire

A

Estrogen

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28
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
assist in the maturation of ovarian
follicle

A

Estrogen

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29
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
inhibits the production of LH

A

Progesterone

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29
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
facilitates transport of the
fertilized ovum through the
fallopian tube

A

Progesterone

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30
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
increase endometrial tortousity

A

Progesterone

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31
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
inhibits uterine and
gastrointestinal motility

A

Progesterone

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32
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
decreases muscle tone of urinary
tract

A

Progesterone

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33
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
increase musculo-skelatal motility

A

Progesterone

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34
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
decreases renal threshold for
lactose and dextrose

A

Progesterone

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35
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
increase fluid retention

A

Progesterone

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36
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
increases basal fibrinogen levels

A

Progesterone

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37
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
increases body temperature after
ovulation

A

Progesterone

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38
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
growth of cells of vaginal
epithelium, glycogen appears in
cells

A

Estrogen

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39
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
growth and health of vulval
tissues

A

Estrogen

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40
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
growth of cervical glands
abundant secretion of clear
thin mucus

A

Estrogen

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41
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
proliferation of endometrium
stimulates growth of
myometrium

A

Estrogen

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42
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
growth of duct system
enlargement and pigmentation
of nipple and areola

A

Estrogen

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43
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
maturation of cells of epithelium
ceases, surface cells degenerate
and are shed- release of glycogen

A

Progesterone

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44
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
changes secretion to scant but
thick mucus

A

Progesterone

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45
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
enlargement of stromal cells
glands, mucus and glycogen
secretion, increases endometrial
tortousity

A

Progesterone

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46
Q

IDENTIFY THE HORMONE:
growth of breast alveoli

A

Progesterone

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47
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Ovulation:

A
  • Presence of Mittelschmerz
  • Identification of fertile cervical mucus
  • Positive Spinnbarkeit test
  • Slight abrupt rise in basal body temperature (0.3-0.5 C) which is preceded by a slight drop
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48
Q

Factors Related to the Occurrence of PMS:

A
  1. estrogen- progesterone imbalance
  2. excess aldosterone
  3. vitamin deficiencies
  4. psychologic
  5. high caffeine intake
  6. increasing age
  7. tobacco use
  8. family history – identical twins(high)
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49
Q

Pharmacologic Interventions for PMS:

A
  1. vitamin and mineral supplements
  2. diuretics
  3. psychotrophic drugs
  4. progesterone and progesterone derivatives
  5. flouxetine (serotonin uptake inhibitor)
  6. anti-prostaglandins
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50
Q
  • painful menstruation which may be due to physical or emotional
A

Dysmenorrhea

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51
Q
  • absence of menstruation/ temporary cessation of menstruation
A

Amenorrhea

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52
Q
  • excessive bleeding during menstruation
A

Menorrhagia or Hypermenorrhea

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53
Q
  • bleeding between menstrual cycle
A

Metrorrhagia

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54
Q
  • frequent menstruation occurring at interval of less than 3 weeks/periods occur too often
A

Polymenorrhea

55
Q
  • markedly diminished menstrual flow/bleeding more than 35 days apart with decreased amount of bleeding
A

Oligomenorrhea

56
Q
  • very light flow spotting
A

Hypomenorrhea

57
Q

pain felt as mature ovum is released which is either RLQ or LLQ

A

Mittelschmerz

58
Q

Normal menstrual period lasts for…

A

3-7 days

59
Q

Hormones which regulate cyclic activities:

A

Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing hormone

60
Q

Four body structures involved
in the physiology of menstrual cycle:

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Ovaries
Uterus

61
Q

The union/fusion of the sperm and the mature ovum in the outer third of
the fallopian tub

A

FERTILIZATION/CONCEPTION/FECUNDATION/IMPREGNATION

62
Q

Factors Necessary for Fertilization to Occur:

A
  1. Maturation of both the ovum and the sperm
  2. Ability of the sperm to reach the ovum
  3. Ability of the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and cell membrane
63
Q

Amount of semen per ejaculation

A

3-5cc or 1 tsp.

64
Q

Number of sperms/cc

A

120-150 M

65
Q

Mature ovum is capable of being fertilized for _________ after ovulation

A

24-48 hours

66
Q

Sperms are capable of fertilizing even for ____________ after ejaculation.

A

3-4 days

67
Q

Normal life span of sperm

A

7 days

68
Q

Sperms once deposited in the vagina will generally reach the cervix within ____________
after ejaculation

A

90 seconds

69
Q

Fertilized ovum (zygote) stays in the fallopian tube for ___________ during which time rapid
cell division (Mitosis/Cleavage) is taking place.

A

3 days

70
Q

After rapid cell division, the zygote are now called…

A

Blastomere

71
Q

when there are already 16 BLASTOMERES, it is termed as…

A

Morula

72
Q

It is in this morula form that it will start to travel (by ciliary action and peristaltic contractions of the fallopian tube) to the uterus where it will stay for another 3-4 days. When a cavity is formed in the morula, it is termed as…

A

Blastocyst

73
Q

Fingerlike projections called ___________ form around the blastocyst and this trophoblast are the one’s which implant high on the anterior or posterior surface of the uterus thus implantation/nidation takes place about a week after fertilization (6-8 days).

A

trophoblast

74
Q

It is the contact between the
trophoblast and the uterine endothelium.

A

Implantation/Nidation

75
Q

3 PROCESSES THAT OCCUR IN IMPLANTATION:

A

Apposition
Adhesion
Invasion

76
Q

A process by which the blastocyst brushes the endometrial lining.

A

Apposition

77
Q

A process by which the blastocyst begins to attach to the endometrial lining.

A

Adhesion

78
Q

A process by which the blastocyst begins to settle down to the endometrial lining.

A

Invasion

79
Q

Once implantation has taken place,
endometrium is called…

A

Decidua

80
Q

Divisions of the Decidua:

A

decidua basalis
decidua capsularies
decidua vera/ parietalis

81
Q

Trophoblast Differentiation:
At about three weeks, the trophoblast cells differentiate into two distinct layers:

A

Cytotrophoblast/ Langhan’s Layer
Syncytiotrophoblast/ Syncitial Layer

82
Q

-inner layer which is present as early as 12 days gestation and appears to be
functional early in pregnancy but then disappears between the 20th and 24th
week.

A

Cytotrophoblast/ Langhan’s Layer

83
Q

-outer layer containing fingerlike projections called chorionic villi which gives
rise to fetal membranes that arise from the zygote

A

Syncytiotrophoblast/ Syncitial Layer

84
Q
  • outer membrane, together with deciduas basalis gives rise to placenta which starts to form at 8th weeks gestational age
A

chorion

85
Q
  • inner layer which gives rise to umbilical cord/funis and amniotic fluid/ bag of water
A

amnion

86
Q

o the lifeline that links the embryo/fetus and the placenta
o contains 2 umbilical arteries that returns deoxygenated blood to the placenta and 1 umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus

A

umbilical cord/ funis

87
Q

o begins to form at 11-15th weeks gestation
o a pale, clear, straw colored albuminous fluid in which the baby floats
o specific gravity = 1.007 to 1.025
o pH is neutral to slightly alkaline =7.0 to 7.25
o near term, is clear, colorless containing little white, peaks of vernix caseosa and other solid particles
o produced at a rate of 500 ml in 24 hours and fetus swallows it at an equally rapid rate of 500 ml/24 hours
o by 4th lunar month, urine is added to the amount of amniotic fluid derive chieflyfrom maternal serum and fetal urine

A

amniotic fluid/ bag of water

88
Q

Purposes of BOW:

A

Protective function
Diagnostic function

89
Q

a. shields the fetus against blows or pressures on the mother’s abdomen
b. protects the fetus against sudden changes in temperature since liquid changes temperature more slowly than air
c. protects the fetus against infections

A

Protective function

90
Q

– removal of amniotic fluid to diagnose
chromosomal abnormalities

A

Amniocentesis

91
Q

– stained amniotic fluid in non-breech
presentation is a sign of fetal distress

A

Meconium

92
Q

-arises out of trophoblastic tissues
-chorion together with deciduas basalis gives rise to the placenta which starts to form at 8th week gestational age

A

Placentation

93
Q
  • develops into 15-20 lobes or cotyledons/each functioning unit and each
    cotyledons are separated by fenestrated septa
A

Placenta

94
Q

Purpose of Placenta:

A

Respiratory System
Gastrointestinal System
Circulatory System
Endocrine System
Protective

95
Q
  • exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the placenta not in
    the fetal lungs
A

Respiratory System

96
Q
  • nutrients pass to the fetus via the placenta by means of diffusion through
    placental tissues
A

Gastrointestinal System

97
Q
  • feto-placental circulation takes place by selective osmosis via the umbilical
    arteries and umbilical vein
A

Circulatory System

98
Q
  • waste products are excreted through the placenta. It is the mother’s liver
    that detoxifies the waste products of the fetus
A

Renal System

99
Q

orders the corpus luteum to keep on producing Estrogen and Progesterone that is why there is amenorrhea during pregnancy. Basis for pregnancy tests

A

HCG

100
Q

promotes growth of the mammary glands necessary for lactation

A

Human Placental Lactogen HPL

101
Q

There are specialized structures present in the fetus which shunt blood flow:

A

a. ductus venosus
b. foramen ovale
c. ductus arteriosus

102
Q

Circulating blood bypasses the lungs and liver by flowing in different pathways and through special openings called _________.

A

shunts

103
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Steady increase in overall growth and organ system

A

First Lunar Month

104
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Germ layers differentiate by the second week

A

First Lunar Month

105
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Fetal membranes

A

First Lunar Month

106
Q

Identify which lunar month:
nervous system

A

First Lunar Month

107
Q

Identify which lunar month:
cardiovascular system

A

First Lunar Month

108
Q

Identify which lunar month:
digestive system and respiratory tract exist as a single tube

A

First Lunar Month

109
Q

Identify which lunar month:
all vital organs are formed by the 8th week

A

Second Lunar Month

110
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Placenta developed

A

Second Lunar Month

111
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Sex organs (ovaries/testes) are formed by the 8th week

A

Second Lunar Month

112
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Brain is the largest organ of the body so head is disproportionately large

A

Second Lunar Month

113
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Meconium is formed in the intestines

A

Second Lunar Month

114
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Kidneys are able to function

A

Third Lunar Month

115
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Buds of milk teeth

A

Third Lunar Month

115
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Beginning bone ossification

A

Third lunar month

116
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Fetus swallows

A

Third Lunar Month

117
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Feto-placental circulation is established by selective osmosis

A

Third Lunar Month

118
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Lanugo appears

A

Fourth Lunar Month

119
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Buds of permanent teeth form

A

Fourth Lunar Month

120
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Heart beats maybe audible

A

Fourth Lunar Month

121
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Vernix caseosa appears

A

Fifth Lunar Month

122
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Lanugo covers entire body

A

Fifth Lunar Month

123
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Quickening felt

A

Fifth Lunar Month

124
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Fetal heart beats very audible

A

Fifth Lunar Month

125
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Skin markedly wrinkled

A

Sixth Lunar Month

126
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Attains proportion of full term baby

A

Sixth Lunar Month

127
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Alveoli begins to form

A

Seventh Lunar Month

128
Q

Identify which lunar month:
May survive with excellent nursing care

A

Seventh Lunar Month

129
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Fetus is viable

A

Eight Lunar Month

130
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Lanugo begins to disappear

A

Eight Lunar Month

131
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Nails extends to ends of fingers

A

Eight Lunar Month

132
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Subcutaneous fat deposition begins

A

Eight Lunar Month

133
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Vigorous fetal movement

A

Eight Lunar Month

134
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Stores minerals, iron

A

Eight Lunar Month

135
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Lanugo and vernix caseosa disappear

A

Ninth Lunar Month

136
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Face and body have a loose wrinkled appearance

A

Ninth Lunar Month

137
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Amniotic fluid volume somewhat decreases

A

Ninth Lunar Month

138
Q

Identify which lunar month:
All organs are functioning

A

Tenth Lunar Month

139
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Bones of skull are ossified

A

Tenth Lunar Month

140
Q

Identify which lunar month:
Has all the characteristics of a normal newborn

A

Tenth Lunar Month

MCN (5 decks)

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