Antarctica extras

Question 1

‘Evidence for the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet divide for 1.4 million years’ By …..

looked at Quartz erratics of the Marble hills:
There are weathered quartz-rich erratics in…………………….. of the Marble hills, with exposure ages of ……… , as well as slightly decreased heights at …………….. The high elevation samples share both ………………………. history, rather than scattered ages as would be expected by repeated ……………. therefore ice thickening and blue ice morraine formation occurred during the …………

Answer 1

Hein et al, 2016, the upper weathered zone, 1.2-1.4Ma, 0.6-0.7Ma, origin and exposure, ice burials, Pleistocene

Question 2

Volume Loss from Antarctic Ice Shelves is Accelerating’, 2015 by ………..

Used extended record of satellite radar altimetry from ‘………….’

Amundsen and Bellinghausen seas hold only ‘….’% of WAIS ice shelf volume, but contribute ‘…….’% of the thickness loss

WAIS persistently lost volume over the 18 years, increasing in speed by ‘….’ after ‘…..’

EAIS started to lose mass after ‘….’

Answer 2

Paolo et al, 1994-2012, 20, 85, 70%, 2003, 2003

Question 3

‘…….’ records and previous trend extrapolation cant properley account for ‘………’ fluctuations in the underlying trend. paper in 2015 by ‘….’

Answer 3

short term, long term, Paolo et al

Question 4

‘Modeling the instantaneous response of glaciers after the collapse of the Larsen B Ice Shelf (2015)’

Answer 4

De Rydt et al.

Question 5

Larsen B Ice Shelf:
After collapse, changes in surface velocity >’……’% found ‘……‘km upglacier from the g.l
Paper by

Answer 5

5, 15

De Rydt et al.

Question 6

‘Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from …………..’ by ……
AIS lost ~’….’ + - ~’……’ Gt/yr.
WAIS = ‘…..’ %, APIA = ‘…..’&

Answer 6

1992-2017, Shepherd et al, 2018, 100, 50, 90, 8

Question 7

Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017

Used 24 assessments of MB…. 7 ‘…..’, 15 ‘…….’ and 2 ‘………..’

Answer 7

Altimetry (ERS), Gravimetry (GRACE), input/output method

Question 8

‘Strong Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability’ by …..

Answer 8

Dutrieux, 2014

Question 9

CDW = ‘……….’
PIG: retreat of the ‘…..’ has changed bed ‘………’
Paper by

Answer 9

Circumpolar deep water, grounding line, cavity geometry

Dutrieux

Question 10

PIG: anomaly of cooler water in ‘……’ caused by ‘…….’, cooled water by ‘………’
Paper by

Answer 10

2012, la nina, 0.3

Dutrieux

Question 11

PIG: presence of the ‘…..’ in front of the ‘…………’ enhances its sensitivity to changes in ‘………………….’ forcing. blocking effect makes vertical’………….’ important to melting response
Paper by

Answer 11

Ridge, grounding line, ocean and climatic, distribution of heat
Dutrieux

Question 12

2014 ‘ Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2’ by …..

Answer 12

McMillan et al

Question 13

………. data provides a ……….. increase
in sampling points near the ……………. and overall a more in depth coverage of the Antarctic Ice
Sheet, along with an increased …………………. that allows CryoSat-2 to fill in the data gaps left by
previous satellite measurements.

Answer 13

CryoSat-2, 5 fold, coastal margins, latitudinal orbit

McMillan

Question 14

After correction, the authors have generated ……………separate elevation change
measurements across ……………..% of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Paper by

Answer 14

450,000, 96

McMillan

Question 15

Based upon the …………. data, changes in elevation of the Antarctic ice
sheet continue the trend of loss, averaging ……± …… mm/yr over the duration of the study. The study estimates that during the course of study, West Antarctica, changed in mass by….. ± ……..
East Antarctica changed in mass by …….±……………
Paper by

Answer 15

CryoSat-2, 1.2, .2, 130, 30 gt/yr, 3, 30

McMillan

Question 16

Analysis of data resulted in the estimation that Antarctic ice mass loss contributions to sea
level rise ………. ± ……… mm/yr
paper by

Answer 16

.44, .14

McMillan

Question 17

2015, ‘Mass gains of Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses’

using ‘………….’ and ‘…….’ measurements from ‘………….’

Answer 17

Zwally et al, ERS, ICEsat, 1992-2008

Question 18

ICEsat data shows mass GAINS of ‘……….’ +/-……….
Shows us difficulties in taking ‘………….’ of the IS,
Processing these to come to a ‘…………..’
Producing to a scientific community and the ‘…………….’
Paper by

Answer 18

80, 25, accurate measurement, definitive conclusion, counter arguments
Zwally et al