Antaomy AI Flashcards
1
Q
What is physiology?
A
The study of your body’s responses to exercise and training.
2
Q
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise?
A
Aerobic: Uses oxygen to produce energy, involves moderate intensity.
Anaerobic: Does not rely on oxygen, uses muscle energy stores for short, intense movements.
3
Q
What is ossification?
A
The process of bone remodeling.
4
Q
What are osteoclasts?
A
Cells that remove unnecessary calcium and break down old bone tissue.
5
Q
What are osteoblasts?
A
Cells responsible for creating new bone matter.
6
Q
What are osteocytes?
A
Mature bone cells that form from osteoblasts and make up the majority of bone tissue.
7
Q
What happens to synovial fluid during exercise?
A
Its amount increases, and viscosity decreases, allowing freer joint movement and preventing cartilage from drying out.
8
Q
What is the main function of synovial fluid?
A
To lubricate joints, reduce friction, and provide nutrition to surrounding structures.
9
Q
How does regular exercise benefit the skeletal system?
A
By increasing bone density, strength, and flexibility, helping prevent diseases like osteoporosis.
10
Q
How does weight-bearing exercise affect bones?
A
It causes microfractures, which are repaired by bone remodeling, leading to increased density and strength.
11
Q
How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts respond to weight-bearing exercise?
A
Osteoclasts break down old bone, and osteoblasts build new bone, increasing density.
12
Q
What happens to mineral content with exercise?
A
Calcium intake increases, enhancing bone density.
13
Q
How does exercise strengthen ligaments and tendons?
A
By causing micro-tears that the body repairs with more collagen, making connective tissues thicker and stronger.
14
Q
Define tidal volume.
A
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
15
Q
What is minute volume (VE)?
A
The volume of air passing through the lungs per minute, calculated as breathing rate × tidal volume.
16
Q
Define anticipatory rise.
A
The increase in breathing rate before exercise due to anticipation of activity.
17
Q
What is the oxygen dissociation curve?
A
A graph showing the relationship between the percentage of oxygen saturation in blood and the partial pressure of oxygen.
18
Q
What happens to breathing rate during intense exercise?
A
It increases to expel carbon dioxide and meet the oxygen demands of the muscles.
19
Q
How does deep breathing impact alveolar ventilation?
A
It increases alveolar ventilation from 70% to 85%, improving gaseous exchange.
20
Q
What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles during exercise?
A
They enable forced expiration by depressing the ribs and reducing the thoracic cavity’s volume.
21
Q
How does exercise impact tidal volume and minute volume?
A
Both increase to meet the higher oxygen demands of the body during activity.
22
Q
Explain how regular aerobic training impacts the respiratory system.
A
It increases lung capacity, strengthens respiratory muscles, enhances capillarisation, and improves oxygen exchange efficiency.
23
Q
Describe how the oxygen dissociation curve shifts during exercise and why.
A
It shifts to the right due to increased carbon dioxide, decreased pH, and higher body temperature, allowing more oxygen to be released to tissues.
24
Q
How does an increase in synovial fluid production benefit a javelin thrower?
A
It lubricates the joints, increases the range of motion, and allows for a better throwing technique.
25
Assess the impact of regular aerobic training on a marathon runner's respiratory and muscular systems.
Aerobic training increases respiratory efficiency through larger lung volumes, stronger intercostal muscles, and enhanced oxygen transport. It also improves muscular endurance via increased capillarisation and mitochondrial density.
26
Evaluate how long-term exercise adapts the respiratory system to meet the demands of intense physical activity.
Long-term exercise strengthens respiratory muscles, increases lung volumes (e.g., tidal volume, vital capacity), and enhances oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal through capillarisation.
27
Which of the following increases with regular aerobic exercise?
a) Residual lung volume
b) Tidal volume (Correct)
c) Carbon dioxide retention
d) Respiratory cramping
28
What causes a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve during exercise?
a) Increased pH
b) Increased carbon dioxide levels (Correct)
c) Decreased temperature
d) Lower body oxygen demand
29
Which muscles are involved in forced expiration?
a) Diaphragm
b) Internal intercostals (Correct)
c) External intercostals
d) Rectus abdominis
30
During intense exercise, tidal volume __________ (increases/decreases) to meet oxygen demands.
Increases
31
Long-term aerobic training leads to an increase in __________ at the alveoli, enhancing oxygen exchange efficiency.
Capillarisation
32
The __________ muscles depress the ribs during forced expiration.
Internal intercostal
33
What is bone remodeling?
The continuous process of breaking down old bone and building new bone.
34
What triggers osteoblast activity?
Physical activity, particularly weight-bearing exercises.
35
What is the role of osteocytes?
To maintain the bone matrix and regulate the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
36
Why is calcium removal important in bone remodeling?
It clears space for new bone tissue to be formed, allowing bones to adapt to physical stress.
37
What would happen if osteoclast activity was too high?
Excessive bone breakdown could lead to weakened bones and conditions like osteoporosis.
38
How do microfractures influence bone adaptation?
They signal osteocytes to start remodeling, leading to denser and stronger bones after repair.
39
How does exercise prevent bone-related diseases?
It stimulates osteoblast activity, increasing bone density and strength, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
40
Which exercises are most beneficial for bone health?
Weight-bearing exercises like running, jumping, or resistance training.
41
How can someone increase their bone density naturally?
By performing regular weight-bearing exercises and consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.
42
What happens to bone strength with prolonged inactivity?
Bone density decreases due to reduced osteoblast activity and increased bone resorption by osteoclasts.
43
Why are older adults encouraged to do strength training?
To combat natural bone density loss with age by stimulating osteoblast activity.
44
What is the primary function of osteoblasts?
To build and deposit new bone tissue.
45
What happens to bones during weight-bearing exercise?
Microfractures occur, triggering the remodeling process and increasing bone density.
46
What type of cell is responsible for removing damaged bone tissue?
Osteoclasts.
47
What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibres?
Slow-twitch (Type I), fast-twitch (Type IIa), and fast-twitch (Type IIb).
48
What are the characteristics of Type I muscle fibres?
Slow contraction, high endurance, good blood supply, and suited for aerobic activities.
49
What are the characteristics of Type IIa muscle fibres?
Fast contraction, moderate endurance, use both aerobic and anaerobic energy, and fatigue faster than Type I.
50
What are the characteristics of Type IIb muscle fibres?
Extremely fast contraction, high force output, rely on anaerobic energy, and fatigue quickly.
51
What happens to muscle temperature during exercise?
It increases due to the production of heat as a by-product of energy use.
52
Why do muscles become more pliable during exercise?
Increased temperature makes them more elastic and less prone to injury.
53
What causes muscle soreness after exercise?
Microtrauma to the muscle fibres, leading to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
54
How does blood flow to muscles change during exercise?
It increases to deliver more oxygen and nutrients.
55
What causes muscle fatigue during exercise?
Lactic acid accumulation, nervous system fatigue, and ion imbalances.
56
What is hypertrophy?
The increase in muscle size due to the growth of muscle fibres.
57
What is capillarisation in muscles?
The formation of more capillaries to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery.
58
What are the long-term energy storage adaptations in muscles?
Increased stores of glycogen, triglycerides, and myoglobin.
59
How do mitochondria change with endurance training?
Their number increases, allowing for more aerobic respiration and ATP production.
60
In what order are muscle fibres recruited during exercise?
Type I (slow-twitch) first, then Type IIa, and finally Type IIb as intensity increases.
61
How does fibre recruitment change during maximal exercise?
The nervous system activates more muscle fibres, including fast-twitch fibres, to meet demands.
62
What is sarcoplasmic hypertrophy?
An increase in muscle size due to higher fluid and energy stores, achieved through high reps and low rest.
63
What is myofibrillar hypertrophy?
An increase in muscle strength due to growth in muscle fibre density, achieved through low reps and high weight.
64
What is hyperplasia,
The increase in the number of muscle fibres;
65
How can DOMS be managed after exercise?
By staying active, stretching, and using methods like ice baths or foam rolling to aid recovery.
66
Why is increased capillarisation important for endurance athletes?
It improves oxygen delivery and waste removal during prolonged exercise.
67
What happens to muscle tone with regular strength training?
It improves, leading to better posture and reduced injury risk.
68
What is the role of myoglobin in muscles?
To store oxygen and make it readily available for muscle activity.
69
What causes vasodilation during exercise?
Relaxation of smooth muscle in arterioles, increasing blood flow to active muscles.
70
What is the primary energy system for fast-twitch IIb fibres?
Anaerobic energy systems.
71
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction, typically 70-80 ml per beat.
72
What is cardiac output, and how is it calculated?
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute, calculated as heart rate × stroke volume
73
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic Pressure: Pressure exerted when the heart contracts.
Diastolic Pressure: Pressure exerted when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.
74
What is anticipatory rise?
An increase in heart rate before exercise due to the body preparing for activity.
75
What happens to stroke volume during exercise?
It increases by 20-50% during the transition from rest to submaximal exercise.
76
How does vasoconstriction affect blood flow during exercise?
It directs blood flow to active muscles and helps maintain blood pressure.
77
How does vasodilation support exercise?
It increases oxygen and nutrient supply to working muscles by expanding blood vessels.
78
What causes an increase in heart rate during exercise?
Increased oxygen demand and the firing of the sinoatrial node (SA node).
79
How does the heart adapt to regular aerobic training?
The heart increases in size, particularly the chambers, leading to greater stroke volume and lower resting heart rate.
80
What happens to systolic blood pressure with long-term exercise?
It decreases due to a larger left ventricle requiring less arterial pressure
81
How does capillarisation benefit the cardiovascular system?
It increases oxygen diffusion to tissues and carbon dioxide removal during exercise.
82
What changes occur in blood composition with long-term exercise?
More red blood cells and plasma proteins enhance oxygen transport and water retention.
83
What is arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff)?
The difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood; it increases during exercise
84
How does diffusion rate improve with regular exercise?
More capillaries and increased capillary density allow for greater oxygen delivery and waste removal.
85
What is the effect of strenuous physical activity on blood pH?
It causes blood pH to drop, making it more acidic.
86
Why might resting heart rate increase after a period of inactivity?
Cardiac muscle strength decreases, reducing stroke volume, so heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output
87
How does the Starling law mechanism support exercise
Greater blood volume stretches the ventricular wall, leading to a stronger contraction and increased stroke volume
88
How can aerobic fitness improve cardiovascular efficiency?
By increasing heart size, stroke volume, capillarisation, and red blood cell count, enabling better oxygen delivery.
89
Calculate the cardiac output for an individual with a heart rate of 75 bpm and stroke volume of 70 ml.
Cardiac output = 75 × 70 = 5,250 ml/min
90
Explain how the cardiovascular system adapts to improve endurance performance.
Increased heart size, greater stroke volume, lower resting heart rate, improved oxygen transport, and enhanced diffusion rate.
91
How does capillarisation benefit long-distance runners?
It improves oxygen delivery to working muscles and enhances the removal of waste products like carbon dioxide
92
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands and tissues that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate body functions, working alongside the nervous system.
93
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands that travel through the blood to target specific organs or tissues.
94
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
It links the nervous and endocrine systems and controls hormone release from the pituitary gland.
95
What does the pituitary gland do?
Known as the "master gland," it secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
96
What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
They produce adrenaline and cortisol, which help regulate stress responses and metabolism.
97
What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?
It regulates blood sugar levels by producing insulin and glucagon.
98
What hormone is produced by the adrenal glands during stress?
Adrenaline
99
What is cortisol, and what does it do?
Cortisol is the primary stress hormone; it increases blood sugar, enhances brain glucose use, and suppresses non-essential functions.
100
What is the function of testosterone?
It increases muscle mass, strength, protein synthesis, and aggression.
101
What does human growth hormone (HGH) do?
It helps repair tissue, build muscle, burn fat, and enhance metabolism.
102
What is the role of oestrogen in the body?
It inhibits bone resorption, supports reproductive health, and influences bone density.
103
How does adrenaline affect sports performance?
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, providing more energy and focus.
104
Why might athletes misuse testosterone?
To gain an unfair advantage by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery.
105
How does cortisol negatively affect performance if elevated for too long?
Leads to fatigue, suppressed immunity, weight gain, and slower recovery.
106
What are the risks of using synthetic hormones like HGH or steroids?
Increased risk of organ damage, hormonal imbalances, heart disease, and ethical violations in sports.
107
Why is the use of synthetic hormones banned in sports?
They provide unfair advantages and pose significant health risks to athletes.
108
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
109
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
110
What is alveolar ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
111
What is the process of gas exchange in the lungs called?
Diffusion, where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out into the alveoli.
112
How does breathing work?
Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, chest cavity expands, air is drawn in.
Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity reduces, air is pushed out.
113
What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?
It contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
114
What happens to breathing rate during exercise?
It increases to meet the higher oxygen demand of the muscles.
115
How does oxygen diffusion rate change during exercise?
It increases due to greater oxygen demand in muscles and more efficient capillary exchange.
116
How does increased tidal volume benefit athletes?
It provides more oxygen per breath, supporting sustained physical activity
117
Why is increased minute ventilation important for high-intensity sports?
It ensures adequate oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal during intense effort.
118
How does the respiratory system prevent fatigue in endurance events?
By increasing oxygen transport and reducing carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood.
119
What is minute ventilation (VE)?
The total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute, calculated as tidal volume × breathing rate.
120
What is the oxygen dissociation curve?
: A graph that shows the relationship between oxygen saturation in the blood and the partial pressure of oxygen.
121
What is the arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff)?
The difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood, which increases during exercise.
122
What is oxygen's role in the body?
Oxygen is needed by cells to produce energy through a process called aerobic respiration.
123
What is carbon dioxide, and why is it important to remove it?
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration that needs to be expelled to prevent harmful buildup in the blood.
124
What is gas exchange?
The process where oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs.
125
What happens when you inhale?
Air enters through the nose or mouth, travels down the trachea, and reaches the lungs.
126
What happens when you exhale?
The diaphragm relaxes, pushing air out of the lungs to remove carbon dioxide.
127
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide exits the blood.
128
Why do we need capillaries in the lungs?
Capillaries surround the alveoli to carry oxygen to the blood and take away carbon dioxide for exhalation.
129
What is diffusion in the respiratory system?
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood due to differences in concentration levels.
130
What is capillarisation?
The growth of new capillaries, increasing the surface area for gas exchange and improving oxygen delivery to muscles.
131
What is breathing rate?
The number of breaths taken in one minute, which increases during exercise to meet oxygen demand.
132
What happens to breathing during exercise?
Breathing becomes faster and deeper to deliver more oxygen to muscles and remove carbon dioxide.
133
Why does your heart work with the respiratory system during exercise?
To pump oxygen-rich blood to muscles and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
134
What causes the "burn" in muscles during exercise?
A buildup of carbon dioxide and lactic acid when oxygen delivery is insufficient for the muscles' needs.
135
What happens to your lungs with regular exercise?
Lung capacity increases, allowing you to take in more oxygen with each breath.
136
What does improved capillarisation mean for athletes?
It allows for better oxygen delivery to working muscles and faster removal of carbon dioxide.
137
How does endurance training affect breathing efficiency?
It strengthens the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, making breathing more efficient during exercise.
138
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air you can inhale and exhale in one breath.
139
What is residual volume?
The air left in your lungs after fully exhaling, which prevents the lungs from collapsing.
140
What is aerobic respiration?
The process of producing energy in cells using oxygen.
141
What is anaerobic respiration?
Producing energy in cells without oxygen, leading to lactic acid buildup.
