Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANT204 > ANT204! > Flashcards

ANT204! Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

Anthropology is the study of humans, their evolution, cultures, and languages. It is derived from the Greek words “anthropos” (human) and “logy” (study of).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the subfields of Anthropology?

A

Biological Anthropology: Study of human origins, evolution, and variation.
Linguistic Anthropology: Study of language evolution, and its impact on groups.
Archaeology: Focus on material remains like tools, pottery, and art.
Sociocultural Anthropology: Study of similarities and differences among living societies.
Applied Anthropology: Use of anthropological methods to solve practical problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

A

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that the language you speak shapes your thoughts and how you perceive the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Cultural Anthropology?

A

Cultural Anthropology studies similarities and differences among societies and cultural groups, often using a holistic approach to understand cultures different from one’s own.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of culture?

A

Learned through observation or instruction
Responds to internal and external factors
Humans can change or conform to culture
Culture is symbolic
Humans are distinguished by their culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Enculturation?

A

Enculturation is the process of learning to become a member of a group by observing and imitating others, often through family instruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Culture?

A

Culture is a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared, binding people together and shaping their worldview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, common among early European travelers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Participant Observation?

A

Participant observation involves immersive, long-term fieldwork, where the researcher lives alongside the studied group. Bronislaw Malinowski pioneered this method with the Trobriand Tribe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Cultural Relativism?

A

Cultural Relativism is the belief that no culture is superior, and each culture suits the needs of its people (Franz Boas’ theory).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Applied Anthropology?

A

Applied Anthropology involves using anthropological theories and methods to solve real-world problems, often in fields like medicine, government, and law enforcement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main Anthropological perspectives?

A

Holism: Study of the whole of humanity.
Cultural Relativism: All cultures are equally valid.
Comparison: Anthropologists compare societies to understand similarities and differences.
Fieldwork: Immersive research in the field.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between Emic and Etic perspectives?

A

Emic: An insider’s perspective of a culture.
Etic: An outsider’s perspective of a culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are traditional ethnographic approaches?

A

Before fieldwork, anthropologists relied on books, missionaries, and colonists. Sir James Frazer’s “Golden Bough” is an example of a work based on secondary sources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who was Bronislaw Malinowski?

A

Bronislaw Malinowski was the first ethnographer to spend time living with the group he studied, specifically the Trobriand Tribe in Papua New Guinea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Salvage Ethnography?

A

Salvage Ethnography aimed to preserve the cultural traditions of “primitive” cultures believed to be disappearing, often by documenting and collecting artifacts for museums.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the holistic approach in Anthropology?

A

The holistic approach in Anthropology integrates biology, culture, history, and language to fully understand human beings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Problem-Oriented Research in Anthropology?

A

Problem-Oriented Research focuses on investigating a specific issue, often using a deductive approach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Anthropology?

A

Quantitative Methods: Use statistical data to study human behavior.
Qualitative Methods: In-depth, contextualized understanding of human behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Ethnographic Authority?

A

Ethnographic authority refers to the balance between the ethnographer’s perspective and the individual voices within the study, ensuring an objective yet inclusive narrative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Polyvocality in Ethnography?

A

Polyvocality involves including multiple voices in an ethnographic text to avoid presenting the ethnographer as the sole authority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Reflexivity in Anthropology?

A

Reflexivity acknowledges that anthropologists are part of the world they study, and their perspectives may influence their findings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

The study of a certain group of people, aiming to understand their culture, practices, and daily lives through fieldwork.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Ethnographic Fieldwork?

A

Spending extended time among a group to gain deeper access to their culture, behaviors, and day-to-day lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the goal of Fieldwork in Anthropology?

A

To make the strange familiar and the familiar strange, presenting cultural practices in ways that help outsiders understand them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Early Armchair Anthropology?

A

Anthropologists who did not engage in fieldwork, relying on secondhand accounts from travelers and missionaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is “Off the Veranda” Anthropology?

A

When anthropologists began doing firsthand fieldwork, living among the people they studied. Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski were key figures.

28
Q

What is Salvage Ethnography?

A

The hurried documentation of cultures presumed to disappear due to colonization, often lacking detail and relying on interviews rather than immersive observation.

29
Q

Emic vs Etic Perspectives?

A

Emic: Insider’s perspective of a cultural group.
Etic: Outsider’s perspective, often from an anthropologist.

30
Q

Key Ethnographic Techniques

A

Building rapport
Key informants
Conversations/interviews
Life histories
Social network analysis
Mapping
Field notes
Maintain anonymity

31
Q

hat is Polyvocality in Ethnographic Writing?

A

The inclusion of multiple voices and perspectives in writing to present a fuller, more vivid account of a studied group.

32
Q

What is Reflexivity in Ethnographic Research?

A

Self-reflection on how the anthropologist’s identity (age, gender, race, etc.) influences their research and findings.

33
Q

What is Ethnographic Refusal?

A

The choice to withhold sensitive information learned during fieldwork to protect the people being studied (e.g., Audra Simpson’s study of the Mohawk community).

34
Q

What is the Concept of Race in Anthropology?

A

Race is not a biological reality but a social construct shaped by cultural, social, and political forces

35
Q

What is Racial Formation?

A

The process by which social, economic, and political forces shape and define racial categories over time.

36
Q

What is Hypodescent?

A

A classification system where individuals of mixed race are assigned to the group considered less privileged.

37
Q

What is Pigmentocracy?

A

A social system where social class is strongly correlated with skin color.

38
Q

What is Ethnicity?

A

A shared cultural identity rooted in language, traditions, ancestry, and a sense of community.

39
Q

What is Symbolic Ethnicity?

A

A limited or occasional display of ethnic pride, usually for expressive rather than practical reasons

40
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

The process where an ethnic group or minority abandons their customs and traditions to adopt those of the dominant society.

41
Q

What is Multiculturalism?

A

A perspective that cultural diversity enriches society and encourages respect and tolerance for different customs and traditions.

42
Q

What is Amalgamation?

A

The blending of diverse cultural groups within a society, leading to diminished social and cultural barriers over time.

43
Q

What is gender from an anthropological perspective?

A

Gender refers to societal expectations regarding thoughts and behaviors associated with individuals of different sexes, while sex refers to visible physical distinctions between male and female humans.

44
Q

What is gender ideology?

A

Gender ideology is a complex system of beliefs about gender, including capacities, tendencies, preferences, identities, and socially expected behaviors.

45
Q

What is the binary model of gender?

A

The binary model of gender refers to the cultural understanding that only recognizes two gender identities: male and female.

46
Q

How does male dominance relate to the “man the hunter” theory?

A

The “man the hunter” theory suggests that early human social structures were shaped by men leading planned, large-scale all-male cooperative hunting sessions, linking this idea to male dominance.

47
Q

What is patriarchy?

A

Patriarchy refers to a political and authority structure dominated by men, alongside an ideology that systematically privileges males over females.

48
Q

What is matriarchy and how does it differ from matrilineal societies?

A

Matriarchy should not be confused with matrilineal societies. In matrilineal societies, kinship and descent are passed down from mothers to children, prioritizing women in inheritance and marriage structures.

49
Q

What is heteronormativity?

A

Heteronormativity, introduced by Michel Foucault, refers to the system of rights and privileges tied to culturally approved sexual orientation.

50
Q

How can heteronormativity be challenged?

A

Instead of viewing sexuality as strictly heterosexual or homosexual, it is understood to exist on a spectrum.

51
Q

What are roles and status in a family context?

A

Roles refer to behaviors expected of someone who occupies a particular status, while status is any culturally designated position a person occupies.

52
Q

What are the types of descent systems?

A

Patrilineal - descent from the father
Matrilineal - descent from the mother
Unilineal - descent from one side
Bilineal - descent from both sides

53
Q

What are the kinship systems?

A
  1. Hawaiian System - fewer kinship terms, focusing on generation and grouping. 2. Eskimo System - kinship based on patrilineal standing.
54
Q

What are different types of families?

A

Nuclear family
Non-conjugal family
Extended family
Stem family
Joint family
Polygamous family

55
Q

What are exogamy and endogamy?

A

Exogamy is the cultural expectation to marry outside a culture, while endogamy is the expectation to marry within the culture.

56
Q

What are polygyny and polyandry?

A

Polygyny is when one man is married to multiple wives, and polyandry is when one woman is married to multiple men.

57
Q

What are dowry and bridewealth?

A

Dowry is money paid to the groom’s family, while bridewealth is money paid to the bride’s family.

58
Q

What are the modes of exchange?

A

Market Exchange
Reciprocity
Redistribution

59
Q

What are the types of reciprocity?

A

Generalised Reciprocity - gifts with no immediate return expected 2. Balanced Reciprocity - gifts with an expectation of return 3. Negative Reciprocity - an attempt to get something for nothing

60
Q

How does gift-giving work in Christmas culture?

A

Gift-giving at Christmas highlights personal relationships, with close family exchanges being more sentimental and friends’ exchanges often more transactional.

61
Q

What is redistribution?

A

Redistribution involves collecting resources by a central authority to distribute later, such as taxes or Potlatch ceremonies.

62
Q

What is the political economy approach?

A

It contextualizes economic relations within state structures, social processes, and cultural values, examining how markets evolve and affect individuals.

63
Q

What is structural violence?

A

Structural violence refers to harm caused by social structures that prevent people from meeting their basic needs.

64
Q

What is Homo economicus?

A

Homo economicus describes a person who makes rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories.

65
Q

What is the mode of production?

A

he mode of production refers to the social relations through which human labor transforms energy from nature using tools, skills, and knowledge.

66
Q

what is racial common sense

A

social belief that a persons racial background can be easily indentured at a glance and used to predict their culture, behaviour and personality

67
Q

what is nation-state?

A

as a distinct political entity whose population is united by a shared sense of cultural characteristics, such as language, ancestry and common destiny as a people

ANT204 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions