ANT200

Question 1

Uniformitarianism

Answer 1

the principle that stratification of rocks is due to processes occurring in bodies of water (oceans, lakes, rivers)

Question 2

Stratification

Answer 2

relative dating technique to access the temporal sequence of a artefact deposition (came from geology)

Question 3

Processual archaeology or “New arch”

Answer 3

Importance of economic and social systems in societies ( trade, subsistence, kinship)
Application of scientific methods and statistical analysis
Use of analogy from ethnoarchaeology and experimental archeology

Question 4

Ethnoarchaeology

Answer 4

study of peoples for archeological reasons, through the material remains in a society. observing their impact on the world

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

novel traits or practices spread between individuals in a population and explains the difference

Question 6

Heritage

Answer 6

handed down from past generations, in cultural contexts it could be materials

Question 7

Antiquarianism

Answer 7

18-19th century, represents the investigation of (the things) ancient past

Question 8

Indigeneity (indigenous archeology)

Answer 8

broad set of ideas, methods and strategies applied to the discovery and interpretation of the human past

Question 9

Ethnoarchaeology

Answer 9

ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, normally looking at material remains in a society

Question 10

Epistemology

Question 11

Component (as in single component and multicomponent)

Answer 11

evidence for past human activity, all the elements of the site, spatially* related to each other in the site

Question 12

Context

Answer 12

vital for understanding formation processes, helps to figure out how the object got to its location, what may have happened to the object after it was abandoned by people

Question 13

Feature

Answer 13

non-artifactual organic or environmental remains that have cultural relevance ( soils, sediments)

Question 14

Ecofact

Answer 14

organic and environmental remains

Question 15

Photogrammetry

Answer 15

modelling objects in 3D using multiple overlapping photos, can be done with new iPhones but be aware of the differences in resolutions between phones

Question 16

Topography

Answer 16

related to human activity, mounds, earthworks, ancient canals
- search for shadow marks, moisture differences

Question 17

Resistivity

Answer 17

(NON INVASIVE) type of surveying where an electric current is applied through probes which must be inserted into the gaunt with electrical resistance to the current to then be measured

Question 18

Magnetometry

Answer 18

(non invasive) method of surveying. best for measuring higher/lower moisture content, like fired areas (without having to excavate)

Question 19

Anomaly

Answer 19

type of surveying that indicates a presences of archeological findings , cannot be determined without excavation

Question 20

Assemblage

Answer 20

Grouping of different artifacts found in association with another

Question 21

Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

Answer 21

also known as rescue archeology, protect, identify, and preserve archeological resources
- main example is before starting construction they need archeologist to check to make sure its not an important site

Question 22

Faunal

Answer 22

artifacts/ findings that can mould over time if not properly stored (mainly animal remains)

Question 23

Lithic

Answer 23

broad category of artifact organization that is a usable tool made with different types of stone

Question 24

Typology

Answer 24

type of organization that is used to arrange according to perceived or measurable similar between observed data and defied analytical units (think about the button/ nail lab)

Question 25

deduction

Answer 25

reasoning where specific consequences are inferred from general propositions ( drawing conclusions from available information)

Question 25

radiocarbon dating

Answer 25

absolute dating method that measures the decay of carbon isotopes (C14)

Question 26

three age system

Answer 26

created by CJ Thompson in which you can classify artifacts in chronological order ( Bronze Age, Stone Age, Iron Age)

Question 27

Mesolithic

Answer 27

10,000 years ago between Paleolithic and Neolithic

Question 28

neolithic revolution

Answer 28

coined by Gordon Childe in which the consequence of farming led for the devlopment of village life

Question 29

archaeogenetics

Answer 29

study of ancient DNA

Question 30

androcentrism

Answer 30

idea that that men are more than other genders

Question 31

salvage archaeology

Answer 31

excavation of archaeological sites in advance of construction or urban development

Question 32

matrix

Answer 32

physical material within which artifacts are embedded ( ex- clay, mud)

Question 33

provenience

Answer 33

place of origin of something

Question 34

taphonomy

Answer 34

study of processes that have affected organic material

Question 35

hoards

Answer 35

deliberately buried groups of valuables or possessions in times of war or conflict

Question 36

electrolysis

Answer 36

(think like ring cleaning)cleaning process where artifacts are placed in a chemical solution through passing a currant through them to remove any deposits

Question 37

off-site evidence

Answer 37

Data from a range of information that provide important evidence about human exploitation of the environments

Question 38

surface survey

Answer 38

an archaeological survey technique using direct observation to discover and gather archaeological data present on the ground surface; includes mapping and surface collection

Question 39

remote sensing

Answer 39

imaging of a phenomena from distance

Question 40

research design

Answer 40

testing a hypothesis, collection of data, processing the data and publishing the results

Question 41

ground survey

Answer 41

identifying archaeological sites through consulting documentation, locals, folklore and fieldwork

Question 42

aerial survey

Answer 42

method of identifying sites through images taken from aerial and satellite imaging

Question 43

LiDAR (light detection and ranging)

Answer 43

light transmitted to a target of which is reflected back to the instrument and determines the range of the target

Question 44

systematic survey

Answer 44

the area of the ground to be surveyed in hopes of recording the location of artefacts

Question 45

total station

Answer 45

optical electronic instrument used to survey and record excavation

Question 46

SLAR (Side-Looking Airborne Radar)

Answer 46

technique that involves the recording of radar images of the return pulses of electromagnetic radiation from an aircraft

Question 47

earth resistance survey

Answer 47

method of surface detection that measures changes in conductivity by passing an electric currant through ground soils to measure resistance

Question 48

subsurface detection

Answer 48

collective name the collective name for remote sensing techniques for ground surveying

Question 49

wheeler box grid

Answer 49

An excavation technique developed by Mortimer Wheeler involving retaining intact baulks of earth between excavation grid squares, so that different layers can be correlated across the site in the vertical profile

Question 50

open area excavation

Answer 50

large horizontal areas for excavation used for single period deposits that lie close to the surface

Question 51

step trenching

Answer 51

method used on deep sites which starts from a large open area then proceeds downwards in a progressively narrow step as the dig decends

Question 52

attribute

Answer 52

minimal characteristic of an artefact that cannot be subdivided

Question 53

seriation

Answer 53

chronological ordering of a group of artefacts