1. Hypothalamus 2. Neural Stalk 3. Anterior Pituitary (Ademohypophysis) - Pars tubercles (top) - Pars distalis (bottom) 4. Pars Intermedia 5. Posterior Pituitary (Neuroyphysis)

ANSC 4270 - Fundamentals of Endocrinology (Cornell) Flashcards by Akiva Mohebban

Radio-immunoassay (RIA)

detected low concentration of hormone with accuracy

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Maintain Homieostaisis

Internal environment responses to internal or external environment

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Signal Transduction Pathway

Hormones attaches to receptor
–>
Transduction creates reaction

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Feedback Systems

Regulation of endocrine function (better control and fine tuning of hormones)

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Pituitary Parts

Hypothalamus
Neural Stalk
Anterior Pituitary (Ademohypophysis)
- Pars tubercles (top)
- Pars distalis (bottom)
Pars Intermedia
Posterior Pituitary (Neuroyphysis)

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Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Trophic Hormones

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Ablation/ Replacement

Removing Glands/ Organs to study affects

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Pituitary Development (Embryo development)

Anterior lobe - derives from an upgrowth of the oral ectoderm of the primitive mouth cavity (stomodeum) known as Rathke’s pouch

Neuronal component - arises from a downgrowth of the neural ectoderm of the floor of the forebrain (ventral diencephalon) the neural infundibulum

The intermediate lobe - the “pars intermedia”, develops at the point of contact between the neural infundibulum and Rathke’s pouch

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Anterior Pituitary Cell Proliferation

Primordial Cell (ectoderm)
Pituitary commitment and proliferation
Prop 1 signals
- Gonadotropin (also GATA-2)
Pit-1 signals
- Thyrotropes
- Lactotropes
- Somatotropes
- Somato-mammotropes

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Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)

Shortage of several hormone produced by pituitary
- Short stature on early childhood
- hypothyroidism

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Nuclei Regions

Areas of neurons that exist in pairs (Hypothalamus)

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Hypophysitophic hormones

Neurotransmitter’s from nuclei of hypothalamus

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Median Eminence

Divides the hypothalamus and pituitary. Connects to the paras distalis capillary plexus, dumping Hypophysitophic hormones into anterior pituitary.

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Hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system

Medial Eminence with its plexus
Nerve ending infiltrate Medial Eminence
Nurses reach Paras distalis
(Not intimately connected to posterior pituitary)

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Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone

Hypothalamus excretes all peptides EXCEPT dopamine.
- Vasopressin (anti-diarrhetic hormone)
- Oxytocin (Almost the same)

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Pituitary Hormone

All protein or small peptides

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Pituicytes

Assist in the storage and release of hormones of the posterior pituitary. Surround nerve endings and 2-3 large dendrites.

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Vesicles

Stores and relies hormone from into the cell to extracellular fluid (Neuronal cells)

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Neurotransmitters of neuron signals

Glutamate
Gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Catechalmines (Dopamine + Epinephrin)
Serotonin
Acetylcholine

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Parts of Posterior Pituitary

Nural Tissue
- Nerve fibers (cell bodies from hypothalamus)
- Pituicytes (neural support cells)
- Nuerosecreiton (nerve endings hormone)

Magnocellular Neurons
(Posterior Pituitary Hormone)

Clusters of secreting neurons
- SON - Vasopressin
- PVN - Oxytocin

Nonapeptides Evolution

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are similar (same evolutionary dependent)

Secreting Nonapeptides (From Magnocellular neurons)

Produced in hypothalamus noted in vesicles in posterior pituitary. Supported by Pituicyte cells until stimulated releases.

Parvocellular (non-magnocellular neurons)

Makes AVP and oxytocin (connects to both pituitary sections of the brain)

Paracrine Mechanism

Neighboring Cells

Autocrine Mechanism

Same Cells

Signaling Factors

May not be considered hormones at times (can be both)

Vasopressin/ Anti-diuretic Hormone

Made in Magnocellular neurons - Vasocontricts blood vessels (boost blood pressure) - Prevents waterless in kidneys (Diuresis)

Oxytocin

Made in Magnocellular neurons (Definition: Quick Birth) - Induces term labor (birth faster) - Milk let down (acts on myoepithelieal cells) Suckling and sounds stimulates oxytocin

Positive feedback loop (Birth)

Dilate Cervix with stretching producing more oxytocin creating more contractions.

Prairie Vs. Meadow Vole

Prairie: - Monogamous - Family - Pair bonding (male aggression) Meadow: - Promiscuos - Isolation/ Solitary - Males lack aggression

Prairie differ to meadow Vole

Prairie: - Has "pleasure receptors" (brain makes tons more Vesopressin and Oxytocin to facilitate pairing) Meadow: - Lack "pressure receptors" in reward pathways - Has different activation of receptors all together

Rudimentary Neuroendocrine system

Hypothalamus V Pituitary | (Trophic Hormones/ nurishing homrones) V Endocrine | (Hormones) V Target Cells

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Prodiced by melanotrophs 1. Binds to melenocortin receptors 2. blood sugar (glucose) levels 2. protects the body from stress 3. stops (suppresses) inflammation

Intermidiate Lobe Pituitary

Inbetween both pituitary glands 1. Developes from Antirior Pit. 2. Cell type: Melantrope (Humans don't have) 3. Pricesses Prohormone Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Hypothalamic Nurve Fiber

Secretions: 1. Dopamine 2. GABA 3. Norepinephrine 4. Seretonin (Controlled by Intermediate Lobe)

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfucntion/ equine cushings syndrome

Degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine

Pigmentaiton of Melanocytes (vertibrates)

- Cells found in Basel membrane - Have dentritic like extension to cells (contain karatinocytes)

melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH)

Hormone invloved in pigmentation and activated when in contact eith MC1R receptor

How Pigmintation works

MCR1 recpetor | eumelanin synthesis | Melanosomes sent to keratinocytes Info: - Melanosmes concetration darkens skin - UV radiation makes keratinocytes to signal for more MCH

Accuate Nucleus

-MSH is made in Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Nueron - Acition decresses food intake - Interacts with other nuerons for food intake

G Proteins Couple Receptor (GPCR)

- membrane receptors (serpentine) - sense stimuli and hormone - react to protein or peptide or amine hormone (pit)

Activation of G Protein Couplr Receptor

1. Hormone binds 2. nucleotide exchange” = release GDP in exchange for GTP 3. Transducers signal through G protein Receptor 4. cAMP (secondary messenger) alters cell for function

cAMP Function

1. Activates enzyme kinases (phosphorylation of protein activating it) 2. This binds to regulatory subunits 3. Other protein gets altered by regulatory enzymes and alters cell

Thyroid Hormone

- modulator hormone multi function - affects other hormone

Colloid Filled structure

- protein fluid - contains thyroidglobulin to make Thyroid Hormone

Thyroid Protein Synthesis

1. Thyroidglobulin 2. Thyroid peroxide 3. Sodium iodide symporter 4. Pendrin