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320 fundamental growth and Development > Ansc 320 organ and tissue growth and development(lec 9-13) > Flashcards

Ansc 320 organ and tissue growth and development(lec 9-13) Flashcards

1
Q

Lec 9

A

organ growth

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2
Q

heart growth

A

-develops from embryonic mesoderm
-follows body growth
grows immediatly after birth cell proliferation, at maturity hypertrophy only
-still capable of hyperplasia immediately post natal
blood presure increases heart size

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3
Q

Kidney growth

A

made of loosely connected protein and phosphlipids
kidneys weight proportan to the surface are of the body
BW^.67
large animals have multi-lobe kidneys
-number of nephrons fixed earily in life
-malnutrition earily in life can reduce number of nephrons
-can not repair themselves because they are constantly working
-one kidney removed, other will increase in size

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4
Q

Lung growth

A

developed from embryoinc mesoderm
-trachio-bronchial tree forms first
-alveoli form slowly and not all alveoli formed at birth
-alveoli at birth are large
-number of alveoli increase earily in life and then is fixed
-number increase post-natally(geneticly determined)
later growth occurs through expansion of alveoli size, not number
alveolar surface are directly proportional to the rate of whole body oxygen consumption

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5
Q

lung size

A

directly proportional to body weight

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6
Q

lung growth

A

hypertrophy -high altitudes, removal of one lung
growth hormone
hyperoxia, reduces lung volume

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7
Q

Almentary tract growth

ectoderm develop into?
mesoderm develop into?
endoderm develop into?

A

eg, Mouth, teeth, salivar glands from ectoderm
loung, stomach, intestines develop form mesoderm
-throat, root of tongue, esophagus from endoderm

-significant post-natal developments occur in stomach and intestines

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8
Q

2nd set of teeth

A

first ones for milk, sugar causes cavities

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9
Q

digestive tract growth

A

relative to body size

  • size affected by function
  • rumen increase in size with forage diet
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10
Q

microbial population

A

established from dam and environment

  • rumen increases once they eat non-milk food
  • more you eat the bigger it will be
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11
Q

hyperphagia of nutrients

A

causes hypertrophy of stomach and gut

-number of intestinal villi fixed at maturity

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12
Q

villi

A

size depend on need for absorption

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13
Q

liver growth

A

develops jointly from embryonic mesoderm and endoderm

  • size relitivly constant to body mass
  • positive allometry in embryo
  • slower than rest of body post natal
  • never loses ability for hyperplasia
  • size, driven by use
  • capable of regenerating
  • size decreases with poor nutrition
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14
Q

organ growth

A

organs of digestion (liver, digney, gastro-intestinal trach) related to feed intake(mostly protein)

  • spleen, epidermis also directly proportional to body size
  • organ formation relies on connective tissue scaffold of collagen
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15
Q

Lecture 10

A

Connective tissue structure

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16
Q

Collegen and elastin

A

contributes to the structure of

  • Cartilage
  • bone
  • Adipose(brown and white)
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17
Q

collegen production

A

produced by all cells

  • mainly fibroblasts(found throught body),
  • osteoclasts
  • obontablast
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18
Q

what is collagen

A

-a extracellular protein
-a protein polymer found in connective tissue
-most abundand in mammalian bodies
contains at least one right-handed triple helical chain
-contains 3 alpha chains

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19
Q

distinguishing features of collagen

A

right handed triple helical domain

-contains hydroxyproline

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20
Q

collagen nomenclature

A

o α1(I), α2 (I), α1 (II), α1 (III)
o α indicates that collagen is an alpha chain
o 1 or 2 designates the alpha chain (different primary sequence)
o Can be more than 2 types of alpha chain
o Roman numerals indicate the type of collagen (I to XXVIII)

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21
Q

collagen primary structure

A

one alpha-chain

-consists of amino acids

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22
Q

collagen secondary structure

A

each alpha chain folds into a left-handed alpha-helix

-HYP stabilizes helix

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23
Q

Collagen tertiary structure

A

alpha chains combine into right-handed super triple helix

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24
Q

collagen quaternary structure’s

A

epimysium-around muscles
perimysium(P)- around muscle fibre bundles
endomysium(E)- around muscle fibres

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25
Q

Collagen super family

A

Collagen Family Types of Collagen
Fibril Forming I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, and XXVII
Fibril associated collagens with interrupted helices (FACITS) IX, XII, XIV, XVI, XIX, X, XXI, XXII, and XXVI
Network IV, VI, VIII and X
Anchoring VII
Membrane associated collagens with interrupted helices (MACITs) XIII, XVII, XXIII, and XXV
Multiple triple helix domains and interruptions (MULTIPLEXINS) XV and maybe XVIII

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26
Q

types of fibril-formin collagens

A

o Types I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, and XXVII
o α2 (I) chain C-terminal drives assembly of Type 1 so heterotrimer usually α2(I)+α1(I) +α1(I)
o Type V modifies quaternary structure of type 1
o Can form hybrid molecules with type I and V in same molecule or type V and XI together
o Collagen self assembles due to electrostatic properties along the whole molecule
o Crosslink between ends of telopeptide and ends of other telopeptides
o Endomysium → perimysium→epimyium →tendon →bone
o Connective tissue is base on which muscle fibres contract

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27
Q

fibril-forming collagen-tendon type 1 and follows

A

rat tail tendon-type 1 collagen-perpendicular to collagen fibres
-radial fibre structure

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28
Q

network collagens

A

Type lv
-form loose tetrameric structures
regulates cell adheason and migration

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29
Q

type vlll

A

in corneal layer of eye

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30
Q

type x

A

endochondral growth plate of bone

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31
Q

anchoring fibril collagens

A

as follows

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32
Q

type vl

A

connects endomysium to tendon

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33
Q

type vll

A

anchors epidermal-dermal junction

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34
Q

FACIT collagens

A

FACIT=fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices
-do not form firbill, bind to other collagen fibrills and act as spacers to allow fibrils to slide past each other
types lx xll xiv xlx xx xxl xxll xxvl

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35
Q

MACITs collagens

A

membran associated collagens with interrupted helicas

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36
Q

multiplexins collagens

A

type XV-maintains capillary intergrity(blood vessels )

-type xvlll-integrity of retina and its attachment

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37
Q

specifity of function

A 
Tissue	Types of Collagen
Cartilage	II, IX and XI
Skeletal Muscle	I, III, IV and V
Basement Membranes	IV, VI, XIII, XV, XVIII and XIX
Endochonral growth plate	X
Tendon	I, III, and V
Cornea	I, V, VIII
Skin	I and III
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38
Q

Lecture 11

A

collagen and elastin synthesis

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39
Q

3 quaternary structures of collagen

A

Epimysium -around muscle
Oermysium -around muscle fibre bundles
endomysium -around muscle fibres

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40
Q

collagen synthesis

A

polypeptides synthesized by membrane-bound ribosome

  • secreted into endoplasmic reticulum
  • collagen alpha chain synthesized one by one
  • formation of intermuscular disufibe bonds in the c propetide
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41
Q

triple helix folding

A

folding of the alpha helices requires binding of the pro-peptide domains
-bonds form triple helix

42
Q

collagen synthesis

A

collagen molecule moves from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi stacks
-secreted to extracellular space

43
Q

Collagen cross-linking

A
  • has no strength if its not cross-linked

- formed from bonds between lysines in helix and lysines

44
Q

collagen turnover

A

very slow (1-2% per day)

  • up to 90% of collagen can be degraded within minuits of synthesis(intercellular)
  • matric metalloproteinases(extracellular
45
Q

collagen turnover type 1

A 
typer 1 collagen synthesis increased by
-tissue remodelling after injury 
-growht(insulin-like growth factor)
typer 1 collagen synthesis inhibited by 
-disease
-poor nutrition
46
Q

proteoglycans consist of

A

protein core
polypetydes
glycosaminoglycans
recurring disaccharide inits

-Allows collagen to slip past each other

47
Q

elastic fibres

A

largest structure in the extra-cellular matrix
-form elastic sheets or filaments
-recoil-energy storage
-primary protein is elastin(made up of protein)
extensively cross-linked polymer
-resistant to heat denaturing

48
Q

elastin

A

most prevelent in blood vessels(sheet), lung and skin (filaments

49
Q

elastic fibre synthesis and formation

A

during embryo development

  • synthesized by fibroblasts
  • synthesized at tropoelastin
  • self assamble
50
Q

Fibrillin

A

large protein

  • cystein right
  • structural element of elastic fibres
  • binds calcuum, growth facrots, intergainr and heparin sulfate proteoglycans
  • beadind regions
  • glycoproteins-bind to the heparin sulfate
51
Q

minor microfibil proteins types

A

MAGP-1 and 2

  • Fibulins
  • Emilin
52
Q

MAgp-1 and 2

A

small protein-modified structure, attracted to elastin

  • localized to beaded region of fibrillins
  • binds to tropoelastin and basement membrain
53
Q

Fibulins

A

medium protein

  • fibulins 1-5
  • guide elastin assembly
54
Q

emilin

A

elastin microfbrill interface lacted protein

  • guide elastin fibre assembly
  • binds elastin and finbulin-5
55
Q

Elastic fibre synthesis and assembly

A

o 1. Tropoelastin transported to plasma membrane where organized into small aggregates; aggregates cross-linked by lysyl oxidase
o 2. New elastin added to aggregates
o 3. Aggregates transferred to extracellular microfibrils anchored to cell by integrins
o 4. Elastin aggregates coalesce together
o 5. Aggregates cross-linked together by lysyl oxidase
o Coordinated best in embryo and early post natal period
o Elastic fibre assembly poor in adult
o Elastic fibres repaired post-natally are disorganized, stiff, and less functional

56
Q

Lecture 12

A

cartilage and bone

57
Q

Cartilage

A
  • composed of collagen and protoglycans
    • collagen-strenght, proteoglycans-water
  • found where elasticity and ressilence are required in body
  • non-vascular(very hard to heal, liittle repair after maturity
58
Q

Cartilage production

A

produced by chondroblasts in embryo

  • produced by chondrocytes when mature
  • produce both proteoglycans and collagen
59
Q

parts of Proteoglycans

A

protehin core

  • polypeptides
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • recurring disaccharide units
60
Q

cartilage structure

A

mainly type 2 collagen

-collagen type ix decorates surface of type ll fibres in newly-formed cartilage

61
Q

type lll collagen

A

found primarily at the articular surface of cartilage (part that touches other surfaces of bone)
-new cartilage cells can be produced here

62
Q

cartilage types

A

hyaline

  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
63
Q

hyaline

A

glass-like substance

-joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, embryonic bones

64
Q

Elastic

A

ear, epiglottis

65
Q

fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs

66
Q

understanding cartilage

A

-scaffold upon which bone can be formed
-amount of cartilage in bone and estimte of ossification
-ossificatoin-an estimate of animal age
used to grade beef carcases

67
Q

bone and its formation

A

,,

68
Q

2 types of bone formation

A

intermembranous-bone synthesized without a cartilage phase

endochondral-bone synthesized on a minerlized cartialge scaffold after bone is ‘shaped’

69
Q

endochondral bone structure

A

see picture

70
Q

bone function and construction

A

-bone is a tissue and organ
-produces red blood cells
-helps body
trabecular bone-helps bone bend
cortical bone-resists gravity

71
Q

the steps of endochondral bone formation

A

1-22

72
Q

1

A

mecenchymal cells migrate to lim bus and condense

73
Q

2

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondroblasts

74
Q

3

A

chrondroblasts secrete collagen, mucoplysaccharides and proteoglycans(build connective tissue)

75
Q

4

A

chondroblasts on edges form perichondrium

76
Q

5

A
  1. Chondroblasts on inside of condensed cells hypertrophy; stretch intercellular substance; create lacunae; secrete alkaline phosphate; deposition of calcium phosphate on intercellular substance (Indicates calcification is beginning)
77
Q

6

A
  1. Chondroblasts become chondrocytes (to maintain calcification, no blood supply, get trapped in lacunae and die, leave lacuna behind), shrink and die from starvation, leave lacunae
78
Q

7

A
  1. Intercellular substance disintegrates due to lack of cell support, cavities form. Capillaries invade perichondrium
79
Q

8

A
  1. Perichondrium thickens (indicates mitotic activity is occurring)
80
Q

9

A
  1. Differentiation of chondrogenic layer to hyertropic chondroblasts and osetoblasts and osteocytes
81
Q

10

A
  1. Epiphyseal layer becomes discrete, osteoblasts produce cortical bone, become osteocytes, perichondrium becomes periostem (bone is added to outside of diaphysis)
82
Q

11

A
  1. Periostem produces cortical bone collar, chondroblasts in epiphysis hypertrophy; osteoblasts move to centre, begin to create osteocytes
83
Q

12

A
  1. Chondroblasts in epiphysis secrete collagen, create lacunae, deposit calcium phosphate on intercellular substance; capillaries invade centre
84
Q

13

A
  1. Chondroblasts in epiphysis become chondrocytes and die, leave lacunae behind; osteoblasts in centre make collagen and spongy or cancellous bone
85
Q

14

A
  1. Osteoblasts move into epiphysis, capillaries invade; osteoblasts make collagen and spongy or cancellous bone. Ossification occurs when capillaries are invading. Osteocytes remain after ossification to maintain bone
86
Q

15

A
  1. Diaphysis lengthens
87
Q

16

A
  1. Epiphysis perichondrium becomes periosteum
88
Q

17

A
  1. Diaphysis periosteum produces cortical bone
89
Q

18

A
  1. Diaphysis osteoclasts remove spongy bone
90
Q

19

A
  1. Marrow cavity forms
91
Q

20

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells form marrow
92
Q

21

A
  1. Articular cartilage remains on each epiphysis (to protect bone cells from the wear of joints moving)
93
Q

22

A
  1. Once blood vessel is established there is removal of blood from the inside
94
Q

Bone turnover

A

in spongy(trabecular) bone, osteoclasts disolve bone
-in compact(cortical) bone, bone is added beneath periosteum and removed at the junction
-turnover ensures constant renewal of bone
-endochondral bone growth occures on hyaline cartilage
-bone structure forms in response to gravity and stress
-red and yellow marrow
yellow marrow has large amounts of liquids
-both can produce red blood cells

95
Q

factors affecting bone growth

A

genetic potential

-gravitional and machanical stress

96
Q

excersize and bone growth

A

hiney 2004

97
Q

hiney expermint

A

holsteins,
3 treatments, tie-stall no excersize, tie-stall excersize, free-stall
-vigorous excersize helps with minirlization of the bone
-confined had larges medullary cavity
-excersied had most dense cortical area

98
Q

factors affecting bone growth

A

genetics

  • gravity and machanical
  • nutrition(vitamis a, c, d) -not a problem unless they are confined
  • hormones
    • growth hormones (insulin-like growth factors, anabolic-drives growth of everything)
    • thryoxine
    • estrogen/testestorone
99
Q

Growth hormone experiment

A

holstein steers
4 treatments
bst first hal, bst 2nd half, both halfs, none
-2nd half almost caught up to both halfs (saves money)
-needs to be give continually

100
Q

Sex hormone and bone growth

A

estrogen -increase long bone growth, inhibits bone absorption, increases calcium

  • testosteron- increasees long bone growth, increases bone density
  • both at hight concentrations encourage calcification of epiphyseal cartilage
  • reduces stature
101
Q

hniffen lab test

A

heifers recieving estronge

  • when give 2 implants growth plates close much faster
  • animals looked physiologically older than they actually were

320 fundamental growth and Development (3 decks)

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