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320 fundamental growth and Development > ANSC 320 fundamental growth and development > Flashcards

ANSC 320 fundamental growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

of beef cattle in Alberta

A

5 Million

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2
Q

Cattle slaughtered in Alberta Plants

A

2.1 million (75% canadian total)

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3
Q

Alberta farm recits

A

3.2 billion

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4
Q

Alberta beef sold to US

A

30%

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5
Q

albertas beef sold to other proviences

A

50%

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6
Q

Alberta beef sold to other countries

A

8%

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7
Q

How many sloughter cattle exported to usa

A

500 000

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8
Q

pigs produced in canada

A

30 milliion

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9
Q

albertas pig pop.

A

13.7

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10
Q

sheep in Canada

A

1.1 million

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11
Q

sheep in AB

A

200 000

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12
Q

goats in Canada

A

<200 000

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13
Q

most meat consumed in world

A

Goat

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14
Q

Russian Farmed fox experiment

A

Bread for tameness but many other traits changed, colour, ears, barks

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15
Q

growth

A

-increase in size
anabolism> catabolism
growth=sum of increase in all parts

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16
Q

development

A

Change in shape

parts do not grow at same rate

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17
Q

Isometric

A

growth with out development

-weight of an organ remains a constant fraction of whole body

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18
Q

allometric

A

growth with development
-weight of an organ is not constant fracton of the whole body during growth
Y=aX^b

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19
Q

Pigs

A 
gestation-3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days(1.5-2.5 kg)
nurse for 21-28 days (7kg) 
wont cycle until piglets are weaned 
castrated-barrow
female young- guilt
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20
Q

sheep/goats

A

breeds seasonal
easter market
castrate- wether

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21
Q

deer/elk

A

gestation 234 days

rut-Sep-Nov

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22
Q

lecture 3

A

principles of growth and development

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23
Q

rate of gain curve

A

peaks at 10 months in beef hurd bull 

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24
Q

allometry curve benefits

A

some areas of body take alot longer to grow

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25
Q

incremental growth

A

how proportional growth is compared to weight

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26
Q

types of growth

A

positive(anabolism>catabolism)
negative(catabolism>anabolism)
restricted(dynamic equilibrum)(cataboloism=anabolism)
Compensitory(Catch-Up)(anabolism»catabolism

27
Q

ontogeny

A

Study of Development(in an animals life time)

28
Q

Phylogeny

A

study of evolution

29
Q

growth and development regulators

A
  • genetics
  • Hormones
  • Environment
  • Nutrition
30
Q

Lecture 4

A

Principles of growth and Development

31
Q

Determinants of growth and Development

A

genetics=genotype

appearance= phenotype

32
Q

2 types of traits

A

Mandelian-single gene

Polygenic (or additive or quantitative)

33
Q

polygenic traits

A
  • most growth and development traits
  • have more than one gene involved
  • Additive, dominant or epistatic(genes turned on in response to environment)
34
Q

Hybrid Vigour

A

breed two animals to get best of both breeds

35
Q

Programmed cell growth

A 
early cell growth and cell renewal is programmed or genetic
-determinant and indeterminant
-hyperplasis and hypertrophy
-differentiated verses undifferentiated 
expanding verses static pop.
36
Q

Levels of growth

A

Skin Cellular Growth
Under Skin
Muscle stem cells

37
Q

Skin Cellular Growth

A

Undifferentiated(mitotic), cell division

-hyperplasia, expanding population, indeterminant

38
Q

Under Skin

A

Differentiated, cell size

-hypertrophy, static pop, determinant

39
Q

Muscle stem cells

A

undifferentiated, stem cells, renewing, indeterminate

40
Q

hyperplasia vs hypertrophy

A

hyperplasia-increase in number of cells

hypertrophy-increase in organ size, due to increase in cell size

41
Q

skeletal muscle(bovine)

A

hyperplasia-pre-natal

hypertrophy -post-natal

42
Q

Adipose tissue(porcine)

A

hyperplasia-Pre-natal

hypertrophy->2 months old

43
Q

Adipose(bovine)

A

hyperplasia-up to 16 months

hypertrophy-post-natal

44
Q

programed tissue growth

A

Interstitial (or endogenous)

Appositional (or exogenous

45
Q

Interstitial

A

growth occures throughout tissue

eg muscle

46
Q

Appositional

A

growth occurs at certain points in the tissue

eg bone or skin

47
Q

similitude

A
  • the quality of being similar to something
  • size increase without shape change
  • w=kl^3
48
Q

body growth

A

limits

  • fitness(gravity, surface area, blood pressure)
  • homeostasis(nutrient supply, temp, wast removal)
49
Q

under-nutrition and enviroment

A
  • in closed environment such as uterus, nutrition can be a limiting factor
  • may affect ratio of males to females
50
Q

Class 5

A
  • define sex ratio and how production can affect it

- to understand the theories behind sex and the factors that affect it

51
Q

sex ratio

A

number of males as a proportion of total births

52
Q

sex of animal

A
  • determined at conception
  • determined by genetics
  • expected to have 50:50 ratio
53
Q

haldanes rule

A

When in the F1 offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous sex

54
Q

sex ratio and genetics

A
  • sex determined by father

- some sires change sex ratio

55
Q

genetic vs environment sex ratio

A

genetic-segregation distortion of chromosome loci

enviroment-my be nutritional(crowding or failure to implant

56
Q

primary sex ratio

A

number of male per 100 females at conception

57
Q

secondary sex ratio

A

number of males per 100 females at birth

58
Q

chen and Dzuilk 1993

A

proportion of males tends to decline with uterine crowding

59
Q

Trivers and Willard Hypothesis

A
  • if one sex gains more from parental investment, parents will work for it
  • good condition mothers will produce males
60
Q

sheldon and west

A

Species with male-based sexual dimorphism tends to have a positive relationship between sex ration and maternal condition

61
Q

toro 2006

A

higher conception rate of males because higher death rate in utero

62
Q

facrtors affectiong promary sey ratio

A
  • increase in x or y carrying sperm
  • uterine enviroment
  • time of conception
  • age of dam
  • nutrition of dam
  • parity order
  • social order
63
Q

factors affectiong secondary sex ratio

A
  • uterine enviroment
  • stress
  • first parity
  • litter size
  • season of birth
  • dam nutrition
  • population density

320 fundamental growth and Development (3 decks)

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