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Therapeutics Spring 2015 > ANS quiz flashcards > Flashcards

ANS quiz flashcards

1
Q

How is the peripheral nervous system divided up?

A

Autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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2
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system divided up?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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3
Q

What two neurotransmitters are associated only with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by both parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons?

A

At ganglia near target organ

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6
Q

What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release? What kind of receptors are activated by this neurotransmitter at this location?

A

Acetylcholine; activates nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release? What kind of receptors are activated by this neurotransmitter at this location?

A

Acetylcholine; activates muscarinic receptors on the target organ

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8
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons?

A

In the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion, near the spinal cord.

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release? What kind of receptors are activated by this neurotransmitter at this location?

A

Acetylcholine; activates nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic neurons release? What kind of receptors are activated by this neurotransmitter at this location?

A

Norepinephrine; activates adrenergic receptors on target organs

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11
Q

What autonomic nervous system controls sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

The only postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system that release acetylcholine are in the…

A

sweat glands involved with thermoregulation.

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13
Q

What autonomic nervous system controls the smooth muscle of the renal vascular bed?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter do postganglionic sympathetic neurons release at the kidney vascular bed?

A

Dopamine – precursor to NE, causes vasodilation.

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15
Q

What is unique about sympathetic innervation of the adrenal glands?

A

The preganglionic neurons do not synapse in the paravertebral ganglion. Instead, preganglionic neurons synapse directly on the adrenal gland and release acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors. Adrenal glands act like the postganglionic neuron because the release epinephrine.

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16
Q

What are two other names for cholinergic drugs?

A

Muscarinic agonists and parasympathomimetics

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17
Q

What are two other names for muscarinic antagonists?

A

Anticholinergics and parasympatholytics

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18
Q

What are two other names for sympathomimetics?

A

Adrenergics or adrenergic agonists

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19
Q

What are two other names for antiadrenergics?

A

Adrenergic antagonist and sympatholytic

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20
Q

Name three parts of the body where you can find nicotinic receptors.

A

Ganglion, skeletal muscle, and neuronal CNS

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21
Q

How many subunits compose the nicotinic receptor?

A

Five

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22
Q

Where is the M3 muscarinic receptor found?

A

Smooth muscle in glands – causes contraction that releases gland contents

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23
Q

Where is the M2 muscarinic receptor found?

A

The heart – decreases heart rate.

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24
Q

What kind of receptor is a muscarinic receptor?

A

A 7 transmembrane domain GPCR or heterotrimeric G protein receptor

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25
Q

What kind of G alpha subunit do M1, M3, and M5 receptors release?

A

Gq subunits

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26
Q

What net effect does M1, M3, and M5 receptor activation cause?

A

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and increased levels of calcium

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27
Q

What effector does the Gq subunit act on once activated by M1, M3, or M5 receptors?

A

Phospholipase C (PLC) which splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3

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28
Q

What kind of G alpha subunit do M2 and M4 receptors release?

A

Gio subunits

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29
Q

What is the net effect of M2 and M4 receptor activation?

A

Decreased cAMP formation, which decreases PKA activity, and opening of potassium channels.

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30
Q

In what major organ are alpha-1 adrenergic receptors located and what is their effect?

A

In the smooth muscle around arteries – causes vasoconstriction which increases BP

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31
Q

In what major organ are alpha-2 adrenergic receptors located and what is their effect?

A

In the cardiovascular control center of the brainstem – they turn off the sympathetic nervous system (?)

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32
Q

In what major organ are beta-1 adrenergic receptors located?

A

The heart

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33
Q

In what major organ are beta-2 adrenergic receptors located?

A

Smooth muscle

34
Q

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors activate Gq, activating PLC and eventually leading to increased calcium in the cell and activated PKC. What other receptor(s) is alpha 1 similar to?

A

M1, M3, and M5 receptors

35
Q

What G alpha subunit do alpha-2 adrenergic receptors activate?

A

Gi

36
Q

What is the net effect of alpha-2 activation?

A

Decreased levels of cAMP, leading to less kinase activity

37
Q

What G alpha subunit do beta adrenergic receptors activate?

A

Gs

38
Q

What is the net effect of beta adrenergic activation?

A

Increased levels of cAMP, leading to increased kinase activity.

39
Q

What receptors in the heart decrease rate and force of contraction?

A

M2 receptors – parasympathetic

40
Q

What receptors in the heart increase rate and force of contraction?

A

B1 > B2

41
Q

What receptors in most arteries and veins cause vasodilation?

A

Trick question – only the sympathetic system innervates arteries and veins, and sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction. A decrease in sympathetic activation causes vasodilation.

42
Q

What receptors in skeletal muscle arteries cause vasodilation?

A

B2 receptors – sympathetic

43
Q

What receptor causes endothelium to release EDRF?

A

M3 receptors – parasympathetic

44
Q

What receptor causes bronchodilation in the lungs?

A

B2 receptors – sympathetic

45
Q

What receptor causes bronchoconstriction in the lungs?

A

M2 and M3 receptors – parasympathetic

46
Q

What receptor causes relaxation of the bladder wall?

A

B2 receptors – sympathetic

47
Q

What receptor causes contraction of the bladder wall?

A

M3 receptors – parasympathetic

48
Q

What receptor causes contraction of the ureter and sphincter?

A

A1 receptors – sympathetic

49
Q

What receptor causes relaxation of the ureter and sphincter?

A

M3 – parasympathetic

50
Q

What parasympathetic receptor plays a role in a pregnant uterus?

A

M3 receptor

51
Q

In the pregnant uterus, what sympathetic receptor causes relaxation? Contraction?

A

Relaxation – B2 (target if premature contractions) Contraction – A1

52
Q

What receptor causes erection of the penis?

A

M3 – parasympathetic

53
Q

What receptor causes penile ejaculation?

A

A1 – sympathetic (sperm flight)

54
Q

In what gland do sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors have the same response?

A

Salivary gland

55
Q

What two receptors causes increased salivary secretion?

A

A1 (sympathetic) and M3 (parasympathetic)

56
Q

What receptor causes increased GI secretion?

A

M2 and M3 – parasympathetic

57
Q

What receptor inhibits GI secretion?

A

A2 – sympathetic

58
Q

What receptors cause both GI wall contraction and GI sphincter relaxation?

A

M2 and M3 – parasympathetic

59
Q

What receptor causes contraction of GI sphincters?

A

A1 receptors – sympathetic

60
Q

What receptor causes relaxation of GI walls?

A

A2 and B2 receptors – sympathetic

61
Q

What receptor causes contraction of hair follicles and goosebumps?

A

A1 – sympathetic

62
Q

True or false: All tissues are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

False – one example is skin, which is innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system

63
Q

What receptor is responsible for inducing sweating for thermal regulation?

A

M3 – SYMPATHETIC (only instance)

64
Q

What receptor is responsible for inducing sweating in response to stress?

A

A1 receptor – sympathetic

65
Q

What receptor is responsible for causing contraction of the radial muscle in the eye?

A

A1 receptor – sympathetic

66
Q

Radial muscle contraction causes pupil…

A

dilation (mydriasis).

67
Q

Circular muscle contraction causes pupil…

A

contraction (miosis).

68
Q

What receptor is responsible for causing contraction of the circular muscle in the eye?

A

M3 receptor – parasympathetic

69
Q

What receptor is responsible for causing ciliary muscle contraction?

A

M3 receptor – parasympathetic

70
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction causes the lens to adjust to ___ vision.

A

near (short distance)

71
Q

Ciliary muscle relaxation causes the lens to adjust to ____ vision.

A

far (long distance)

72
Q

What receptor is responsible for stimulating the secretion of aqueous humor in the eye?

A

B2 – sympathetic.

73
Q

If an eye doctor wanted to dilate your eye, what two types of agents could he administer?

A

M3 receptor antagonist (parasympatholytic) to stop contraction of the circular muscle (what they actually do) or A1 receptor agonist (sympathomimetic) to cause contraction of the radial muscle.

74
Q

What receptor increases renin secretion in the kidney?

A

B1 – sympathetic

75
Q

List locations and functions of A1 receptors.

A

Vasoconstriction in arteries and veins, contraction of the ureter and urinary sphincter, penile ejaculation, contraction of the uterus, increased salivary secretion, contraction of sphincters in GI tract, contraction of hair follicles and goosebumps in skin, stimulation of sweating due to stress, contraction of the radial muscle in the eye, metabolic changes in liver and fat

76
Q

List locations and functions of A2 receptors.

A

Vasoconstriction in veins, relaxation of GI walls, inhibition of GI secretion, decrease in insulin release from the pancreas

77
Q

List locations and functions of B1 receptors.

A

Increase in the rate and force of contraction in the heart. increase in renin secretion from the kidneys.

78
Q

List locations and functions of B2 receptors.

A

Vasodilation in smooth muscle vasculature, bronchodilation in the lungs, bladder wall relaxation, uterus relaxation, GI wall relaxation, some minor relaxation of ciliary muscle and minor effects on heart.

79
Q

List locations and functions of M2 receptors.

A

Decrease in heart rate and force of contraction, bronchoconstriction, increased GI secretion, GI wall contraction, and GI sphincter relaxation.

80
Q

List locations and functions of M3 receptors.

A

Release of EDRF from endothelium, bronchoconstriction, all parasympathetic responses in GU and GI systems, contraction of the ciliary muscle and circular muscle, and sympathetic sweat secretion in response to heat.

Therapeutics Spring 2015 (12 decks)

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