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Neuroscience Part 2.1 > ANS - Physiology I > Flashcards

ANS - Physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major divisions of the autonomic nervous systems?

A

The major divisions of the autonmic system are sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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2
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

These are the neurons that do things without conscious control in order to maintain whole body homeostatis

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3
Q

What is the limited simplificaiton associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The “fight or flight” response

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4
Q

What are the target organ systems of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Eyes, Skin, Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Gastrointestinal, Renal, Hepatic, Reproductive, and Adrenals

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5
Q

What is the characteristc sympathetic response of the eyes?

A

The eyes become dilated in order to increase acuity

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6
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the skin?

A

Vasconstriction - hairs stands up, sweaty

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7
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the cardiovascular system?

A

Increase cardiac output (elevated heart rate)

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8
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the pulmonary system?

A

Bronchodilation, you want dialation because you want max air exchange

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9
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the GI system?

A

Decrease motility

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10
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the renal system?

A

Constrict renal vessels, decrease urine products

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11
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the hepatic system?

A

Glycogen breakdown, increase glucose, want more energy

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12
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the reproduction system?

A

Ejaculation

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13
Q

What is the characteristic sympathetic response of the the adrenal system?

A

Release adrenaline

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14
Q

What is the limited simplification associated with the parasympathetic system?

A

Rest and Digest

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15
Q

Why is there a sympathetic nervous system?

A

There are not enough neurons in the brain to send out single neurons and touch every square millimeter of the surface fo the skin for example

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16
Q

How do sympathetic neurons reach target organs?

A

They require a “distribution” network that takes the spinal cord to spread the singnal out, and up and down the length of the body

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17
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies location outside the central nervous system

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18
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Collections of neurons, running together, associated with glia, and often blood vessels

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19
Q

What part of the of the spinal cord is associated with sympathetic outflow?

A

T1 - L2

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20
Q

What is the length of the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system?

A

Short

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21
Q

What is the length of the postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system?

A

Long

22
Q

What happens at the ganglion?

A

Amplification of the signal

23
Q

How is the signal fully distributed the full length of the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic Chain - this is a parallel distripution network

24
Q

What is the sympathetic chain?

A

A parallel distribution network, it is a collection of ganglia which allow the amplification of these singals for sympathetics

25
Q

What happens at the sympathetic chain?

A

It contains post ganglionics that go out and touch other organs

26
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway for innervation of the extremities (neck, body wall, limbs)?

A

A signal comes from the brain and says “turn on” sympathetics - then a preganglionic neuron that originates in the intermediolateral column exits through the ventral root into the spinal nerve, it leaves the spinal nerve via white ramus communicans and enters sympathetic chain (can either ascend or descend here), then in the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral ganglia) preganglionic neuron synapses (amplification) with postganglionic neuron, the post ganglionic neuron rejoins the spinal nerve via the gray ramus commnicans and travels to the priphery via branches of of spinal nerves, and innervates targets (blood vessels, arrector pili muscles associated with hairs, and sweating)

27
Q

Where are cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

They are located in the intermediolateral cell column

28
Q

What are white rami communicans?

A

Connecton from the nerves to sympathetic chain ganglia, they are limited to the thoraco-lumbar distribution and this is where the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic neurons use to exit into the sympathetic chain

29
Q

What are the gray rami communicans?

A

Connection from sympathetic chain ganglia back to spinal nerves, they span the entire length of the spinal cord, and this where unmylinated postganglionic sympathetic neurons use to enter back into the spinal nerve from the sympathetic chain

30
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation pathway of the head (eye, blood vessels, sweating, pilomotion)?

A

The preganglionic neuron originates in the IML, exits through the ventral root into the spinal nerve, then leaves the spinal nerve via white ramus communicans and enters sympathetic chain and ascends to superior cervical ganglion, within the superior cervical ganglion (top of sympathetic chain) the preganglionic neuron synapse with the postganglionic at superior cervical ganglion, the postganglionic neruon follows branches of carotid arteries (forming periarterial plexus) and innervates targets (iris dilation, blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, sweating)

31
Q

What is the ganglion used by the sympathetic system for innervation of the eye?

A

Superior Cervical Ganglion

32
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation pathway of the thoracic viscera?

A

The preganglionic neuron originates in the IML, exits through the ventral root into the spinal nerve, leaves the spinal nerve via white ramus communicans, and enters sympathetic trunk (some ascend within trunk), the preganglionic neuron synapses with post ganglionic neuron either at same level or at a higher level, then the postganglionic neuron passes through the cardiopulmonary sphlanchnic nerves to reach targets

33
Q

What are the abdominal viscera?

A

GI, Renal, Hepatic, Reproductive, Adrenal systems

34
Q

What is an example of a sympathetic innervation pathway to the abodominal viscera?

A

The preganglionic neuron originates in the IML, exits through the ventral root in spinal the spinal nerve, it leaves the spinal nerve via the white ramus communicans and enters the sympathetic chain, it passes through the trunk with out synapsing and travels in abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves until it reaches a prevertebral ganglia, in the prevertebral ganglia it synapses with the postganglionic neuron, the postganglionic neuron follows branches of the abdominal aorta to their targets

35
Q

What are the prevertebral ganglia?

A

Celiac ganglion, Aorticorenal ganglion, Superior mesenteric ganglion, Inferior mesenteric ganglion

36
Q

What does the celiac ganglion supply?

A

Liver, Gallbladder

37
Q

What does the aorticorenal ganglion supply?

A

Kidney, ureters

38
Q

What does the the superior mesenteric ganglion supply?

A

Large intestine, small intestine, kidney, suprarenal (adrenal) gland, rectum, internal anal sphincter

39
Q

What does the inferior messenteric ganglion supply?

A

Bladder, penis (clitoris), gonad

40
Q

What are the prevertebral ganglia supplying GI tract and what is another name for them?

A

Celiac, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric - also known as preaortic gnaglia

41
Q

What is the oldest part of the sympathetics?

A

The adrenal glands

42
Q

How does the sympathetic stimulation of the adrenals happen?

A

The preganglionic neuron terminals synapse on chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, the chromaffin cell is a specialized post ganglionic neruon that use the blood stream as their effector and release epinephrine into the bloodstream

43
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Chromaffin cells are analogous to post ganglionic sympathetic neurons, but are specialized to release epinephrine into the blood stream, no axons but contain secretory granules that release the epinephrine and amplify signal

44
Q

What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?

A

Paravertebral Ganglia and Prevertebral Ganglia

45
Q

Where are the chromaffin cells?

A

In the adrenal medulla, the outside is the adrenal cortex and that contains sterioids

46
Q
A

Sympathetic Innervation to the Extremities

47
Q
A

Sympathetic innervation of the Eye (and rest of the head)

48
Q
A

Sympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera (heart, lung)

49
Q
A

Sympathetic pathway through a prevertebral ganglion

50
Q
A

Adrenal sympathetic innervation

Neuroscience Part 2.1 (5 decks)

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