ANS Physiology Flashcards
Primary neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine
CV conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Diastolic dysfunction Tachycardia Tachyarrhythmias Ischemia Myocardial stunning
Pulmonary conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary HTN
Hematologic conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Hyper coagulation
Anemia
Bone marrow suppression
endocrinological conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Decreased thyroid function
Decreased growth hormone
Glucose intolerance
Gastrointestinal conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Hypo-perfusion
Ulceration
Decreased peristalsis
Immunological conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Immune suppression
Hi catecholamine levels can stimulate bacterial growth
metabolic conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Increased cellular metabolism
Hyperglycemia (body’s response to stressful situations is to bring in more glucose)
Catabolism (not enough glucose around, body begins breaking down tissues to find glucose)
Lipolysis (breakdown of fat for energy)
Electrolyte fluxes (caused from increased metabolic activity)
Muscular conditions that can result from unregulated increase in sympathetic nervous system
Cell death - some cells will not regrow
Muscular wasting, weakness
Apoptosis
Name two catecholamines
Epi and norepinephrine
Parasympathetic and sympathetic originate from which sections of the spinal cord?
Parasympathetic - cervical and sacral
Sympathetic - T1 to L2
Which branch has ganglia nearer their organs?
Parasympathetic
Neurotransmitters used by each branch of ANS and where they are used?
Parasympathetic - ACh used by pre- and post ganglionic nerves to effector organs.
Sympathetic - ACh used by pre-ganglionic nerves. Adrenal medulla may release epi or norepinephrine onto effector organs, post ganglionic nerve may release epi or norepinephrine to effector organs.
Location of alpha and beta receptors?
Alpha - eyes and most bv’s
Beta - most other organs such as heart, digestive etc + fat cells and BV’s to Heart and Skeletal Muscles
Clonedine has what noticeable effect?
Makes you tired
Alpha1 agonists ______ and alpha 2 agonists ______ release of NTMs in synapse
A1 stimulate release of NTMs in synapses -> sm muscle relaxation A2 inhibit (decrease release of NTMs in synapses)
Epi does what to which blood vessels?
Constricts most bv’s other than those to the heart and skeletal muscles
Beta adrenergic drug would do what to heart and lungs?
HR increase, bronchodilate
Non-catecholamine sympathetic agonists?
Ephedrine, amphetamine
Which branch of ANS synapses nearer the spinal column?
Sympathetic
What is the nickname for the vagus nerve and why?
Vagus is the “wandering” nerve because it “wanders” around and innervates a lot of organs
Vagus nerve innervates all of larynx except for what?
Cricothyroid
Nicotinic receptors - what goes in and out?
In Na+, out K+
Botulism does what? Leads to what?
Prevents ACh release into cleft. Leads to flaccid paralysis.
Pseudocholinesterase does what to ACh?
Breaks it down
ACh breaks down into what? What happens to these components?
Acetate and choline. They are taken back up and re-synthesized into ACh.
Where are nicotinic receptors located?
ANS - every neuromuscular junction
ANS ganglia
Location of Muscarinic subtypes?
- M1 - autonomic ganglia & CNS
- M2 - supraventricular cardiac
- M3 - smooth muscle and glands
IP3 and DAG are triggered by phospholipase C and lead to what?
Ca++ release by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Why doesn’t release of Ca++ lead to increased smooth muscle contraction of blood vessels?
NO also released, which causes vasodilation of smooth muscle
What is cholinergic crisis? How might it be triggered?
Uncontrolled increase in parasympathetic nervous system. May be triggered by cholinergic meds (Neostigmine or edrophonium)
Symptoms of cholinergic crisis?
Increase in crying, pupil dilation, perspiration, salivation, secretions, bronchoconstriction, increased airway secretions
Percentage of adult population with HTN?
30%
