ANS pharma chapter 1 Katzung

Question 1

motor portion has 2 subdivisions

Answer 1

sympathetic ANS and Parasympathetic ANS

Question 2

enteric ANS Is a semiautonomous part of GIT

Answer 2

neuronal cell bodies are located in myenteric(Auerbach plexus) and the sub muscous plexus ( Meissner)..send motor+sensory input to PS+S nervous system and receive output from them

Question 3

cranial nerve 3,7,9,10 and sacral segments of the spinal cord

Answer 3

sympathetic cholinergic fibers,2 paravertebral chains that lie along the sides of the spinal column in both thorax and abdomen

Question 4

difference between pre and post ganglionic fibres

Answer 4

pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers are short,post ganglionic fibres are long.

opp is true for for parasympathetic system

Question 5

2 paravertebral chains that are located in the anterior aspect of abdominal aorta,

Answer 5

opp will be true for parasympathetic system

Question 6

muscarinic receptors on the endothelium of blood vessels,

Answer 6

some presynaptic receptors on nerve ending

Question 7

adrenoceptors on apocrine sweat glands

Answer 7

alpha 2 and beta adrenoceptors in vlood vessels

Question 8

Acetylcholine

Answer 8

primary transmitter in all autonomic ganglia, and at the synapses bw primary postganglionic neurons and their effector cells

Question 9

primary transmitter

Answer 9

somatic(voluntary) skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction

Question 10

SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE

Answer 10

synthesized by ChAT(Choline Acetyl Transferase) and Choline——-

Question 11

inhibited by hemicholinium

Answer 11

transport of choline into nerve terminal

Question 12

inhibited by vesamicol

Answer 12

vesicle-associated transport

Question 13

Release

Answer 13

Entry of Ca associated w triggeringvof an interaction between SNARE proteins including vSNARE(Vesicle associated membrane proteins, synaptobrevin,synaptotagmin) and tSNARE associated w nerve terminals(SNAP25,syntaxin)
DOCKING,INFLUX,FUSION,OPENING and RELEASE

Question 14

Botulinum

Answer 14

Enter botulinum toxin enters cholinergic nerve alters synaptobrevin to counter the release process

Question 15

Nor Epinephrine

Answer 15

primary transmitter at the primary transmitter at the sympathetic postganglionic neuron effector cell synapses in most
eccrine sweat glands and vasodilation in skeletal muscles that release acetylcholine choline

Question 16

in kidneys

Answer 16

vasodilator in skeletal muscles,norepinephrine is a vasoconstrictor

Question 17

synthesis of dopamine and epinephrine

Answer 17

tyrosine to tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA(dihydroxyphenylalanine)
dehydroxylated to depamine and hydroxylated to norepinephrine.

decarboxylated to dopamine
and(inside the vesicle)hydroxylated to norepinephrine.

Question 18

tyrosine hydroxylase

Answer 18

can be inhibited by metyrosine

Question 19

norepinephrine and dopamine are transported into vesicles by

Answer 19

vesicular monoamine transporter

Question 20

MAO

Answer 20

present on mitochondria,inactivates a portion of dopamine and norepinephrine in the cytoplasm.

Question 21

MAO inhibitors

Answer 21

may inc the stores of transmitters and other amines in their nerve endings,VMAT can be inhibited by reserpine. resulting in depletion of nerve endings

Question 22

INHIBITION OF COMT

Answer 22

USEFUL IN PARKINSON’S

Question 23

hypertension

Answer 23

Drugs that
block norepinephrine synthesis (eg, metyrosine) or catecholamine
storage (eg, reserpine) or release (eg, guanethidine) were used in
treatment of several diseases (eg,

Question 24

transmitter vesicles that contain other transmitter molecules in addition to the
primary agents (acetylcholine or norepinephrine) previously
described.

Answer 24

ATP (adenosine triphosphate), enkephalins, vasoac-
tive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P, neuro-
tensin, somatostatin, and others. Their main role in autonomic
function appears

Question 25

NICOTINIC receptors—These receptors are located on Na+ -K+ ion channels and respond to acetylcholine and nicotine, another acetylcholine mimic

Answer 25

but not to muscarine) by opening the channel. The 2 major nicotinic subtypes are located in ganglia and in skeletal muscle end plates.

Question 26

(

Answer 26

receptors—These are located on vascular smooth muscle, presynaptic nerve terminals, blood platelets, fat cells (lipocytes), and neurons in the brain. Alpha receptors are further divided into 2 major types, α1 and α2.

Question 27

Beta receptors

Answer 27

These 2 subtypes constitute different families and use different G-coupling receptors—These receptors are located on most types of smooth, cardiac, some presynaptic nerve terminals, and lipocytes. Beta receptors are divided into 3 major subtypes, β1, β2, and β3.(similar used g protein coupled receptor)

Question 28

``` Dopamine (D, DA) receptors are a subclass of adrenoceptors but with rather different distribution and function. Dopamine ``` receptors are especially important in the renal and splanchnic ves- sels and in the brain.

Answer 28

the D1 subtype appears to be the most important dopamine receptor on peripheral effector cells. D2 receptors are found on presynaptic nerve terminals. D1, D2, and other types of dopamine receptors also occur in the CNS.

Question 29

example, both the pupil and, at rest, the | sinoatrial node are dominated by the parasympathetic system(.100–110/min)

Answer 29

system. Thus, blockade of both systems, with removal of the dominant PANS and nondominant SANS effects, result in mydriasis and tachycardia.

Question 30

2 feedback loops are present: the autonomic nervous sys- tem loop and the hormonal loop. Each major loop has several components. In the neuronal loop, sensory input to the vasomotor center is via affer- ent fibers in the ninth and tenth cranial (PANS) nerves.

Answer 30

On the efferent side, the sympathetic nervous system directly influences 4 major variables: ``` peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, contractile force, and venous tone. The parasympathetic nervous system directly influences heart rate. In addition, angiotensin II directly increases peripheral vascular resistance (not shown), and sympathetic nervous system discharge directly increases renin secretion (not shown). Because these control mechanisms have evolved to maintain normal blood pressure, the net feedback effect of each ```

Question 31

present: the autonomic nervous sys- tem loop and the hormonal loop. Each major loop has several components. In the neuronal loop, sensory input to the vasomotor center is via affer- ent fibers in the ninth and tenth cranial (PANS) nerves. On the efferent side, the sympathetic nervous system directly influences 4 major variables: peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, contractile force, and venous tone.

Answer 31

parasympathetic nervous system directly influences heart rate. In addition, angiotensin II directly increases peripheral vascular resistance and sympathetic nervous system discharge directly increases renin secretion. Because these control mechanisms have evolved to maintain normal blood pressure, the net feedback effect of each loop is negative; feedback tends to compensate for the change in arterial blood pressure that evoked the response.

Question 32

peripheral vascular resistance, venous tone, heart rate, and cardiac force are increased by norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. This ANS response can be blocked with ganglion-blocking drugs such as hexamethonium.

Answer 32

These compensatory responses may be large enough to overcome some of the actions of drugs. For example, the chronic treatment of hypertension with a vasodilator such as hydralazine will be unsuccessful if compensatory tachycardia (via the baroreceptor reflex) and salt and water retention (via the renin system response) are not prevented through the use of additional drugs.

Question 33

The pupil, discussed previously, is under reciprocal control by the SANS (via α receptors on the pupillary dilator muscle) and the PANS (via muscarinic receptors on the pupillary constrictor).

Answer 33

ciliary muscle, which controls accommodation, is under primary control of muscarinic receptors innervated by the PANS,