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Pharmacology > ANS: exam 2 > Flashcards

ANS: exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

All levels of the brain and spinal cord are ______ nervous system

A

SNS

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2
Q

Thoracic and lumbar represent what level of the spinal cord

A

ANS: sym division

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3
Q

Brain and sacral spinal cord represent what level

A

ANS: para division

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4
Q

the preganglionic fibers are ____ than the postganglionic fibers

A

shorter

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5
Q

what are examples of paravertebral ganglia?

A
  1. superior cervical: head and neck
  2. Superior
  3. Inferior
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6
Q

what are examples of prevertebral ganglia?

A

celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric

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7
Q

roles of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. fight or flight
  2. exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment
    *pupils dilate, sweaty, heavy and rapid breathing
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8
Q

roles of parasympathetic nervous system

A
  1. rest and digest
  2. digestion, defecation, diueresis
    * GI activity high, breathing slow, pupils constricted
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9
Q

sympathetic neurons are not ____ and parasympathetic are

A

branched

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10
Q

An action potential passing down an axon to the terminal changes membrane polarization triggering what?

A

fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitters and causes release into synaptic cleft

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11
Q

____ enters the cell

A

Ca2+

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12
Q

how is a response induced in the post-synaptic neuron?

A

transmitters diffuse across the cleft and bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane

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13
Q

Ach binds to what type of preganglioninc receptors?

A

Nicotinic

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14
Q

what does sympathetic and parasympathetic release?

A

NE, Ach

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15
Q

NE binds to what type of receptors

A

adrenergic

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16
Q

Ach binds to what type of receptors? (postganglionic)

A

muscarinic

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17
Q

describe adrenergic neurotransmission

A
  1. Tyrosine is transported actively to adrenergic ending and is converted to dopa and then dopamine
  2. dopamine is converted to NE
  3. AP causes an influx of Ca2+ into terminal, excoytosis of NE
  4. transmitter then activates receptors in the postsynaspatic membrane
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18
Q

what transforms tyrosine into dopamine?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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19
Q

what transforms dopamine into NE?

A

dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

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20
Q
  1. blood vessel constriction
  2. radial muscle in iris contraction
  3. GI and bladder contraction
    *describes what adrenergic receptor?
A

a1: smooth muscle contraction

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21
Q

typically found on the presynpase providing a negative feedback and inhibit neurotransmitter release describes what type of receptor?

A

a2

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22
Q

mainly found on heart and kidney
1. increase HR and contractility
2. renin release
describes what receptor?

A

b1

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23
Q

relaxation of visceral smooth muscle
1. dilate skeletal muscle blood vessels
2. relax bronchial smooth muscle
3. relax intestinal and bladder function
what type of receptor?

A

b2

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24
Q

what receptor has lipolysis in fat cells; detrusor muscle relaxation?

A

b3

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25
cytoplasmic NE that is NOT transported into synaptic vesicles is degraded by?
MAO
26
at adrenergic junctions, most NE are removed from the synaptic cleft through....
reuptake to presynaptic neurons
27
Ach is synthesized from
acetyl coenzyme A and ChAT
28
Once synthesized Ach is...
transported and packaged into the vesicles
29
When an AP reaches the terminal and triggers Ca influx, what happens next? (for cholinergic transmission)
fusion of the vesicular membrane and results in release of Ach into synaptic space
30
Ach is hydrolyzed by?
AchE
31
After release, Ach binds to and activates?
postsynaptic Ach receptor (cholinoceptor)
32
Muscarinic receptor (mAChR)
1. located on effector cells innervated by post gang para nerves
33
How many subtypes does MAChR have?
5 (M1-M5) and GPCRs
34
Nicotinic receptors (nAChR)
1. located on postganglionic nerve cells at autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and skeletal muscle in SNS
35
what receptors have ligand gated ion channels?
nAChR
36
Pre-dominatly located in the stomach and enteric system. Leads to increased secretions along the GI tract
M1
37
Located in the heart, Activation of ____ receptors decrease contractility of the heart and HR
M2
38
found in the eye, other glands, lungs, and along the vascular endothelium. Stimulation of ____ leads to ____, _____, and ____.
1. M3 2. pupillary constriction 3. excretions from nose, tears, defecation, and urination 3. bronchonstriction
39
What is the primary secondary messenger in M1?
increase IP3 and DAG
40
What is the primary secondary messenger in M2?
Decrease cAMP
41
What is the primary secondary messenger in M3?
increase IP3 and DAG
42
how many subtypes of dopamine transmission are there?
D1-D5 which are GCPRs
43
dopamines role outside CNS
D4: heart, increases myocardial contractility and cardiac output without changing HR - also present along nephron, with proximal tubule epithelial cells showing highest density
44
where are purinergic nerves found?
GI tract, vasculature, lungs, bladder, CNS
45
ATP is stored in vesicles of purinergic nerve ending, when released it directly activates?
P2 receptors
46
how many P1 receptors?
4
47
how many P2 receptors?
2
48
Adenosine can regulate the release of ____ through a feedback mechanism
NE
49
ATP can act as a _____ with NE and Ach
co-transmitter
50
co-release of neurotransmitters from same nerve terminal may result in ____ or ____
synergistic or opposite actions * one works as neurotransmitter and the other works as a neuromodulator
51
Ion channel linked receptors act ____ on the channel protein
directly
52
G protein linked receptors are coupled to the ion channel through a _____
G protein
53
Coupling to a G protein modulates the formation of
diffusible secondary messengers
54
example of ion channel linked receptor
nicotinic receptor
55
Gas activates effector enzymes leading to the production of?
cAMP and PKA
56
Gai inhibits ____ leading to a decreased cAMP concentration
adenylyl cyclase
57
Gaq activates ____ which hydrolyzes PIP2 to produce DAG and IP3
PLC
58
DAG activates?
PKC
59
IP3 increases the release of ____ from intracellular binding sites activating calmodulin
Ca2+
60
the spinal cord and brainstem contribute to what?
regulation of BP
61
role of hypothalamus
integration in responses to changes in temp, emotional state, and patterns of sexual and reproductive activity
62
role of limbic system
sexual activity, fear, rage
63
role of cerebellum and cerebral cortex
autonomic activity
64
Agonism ___ neurotransmission
enhance
65
Antagonism ___ neurotransmission
inhibits
66
drugs that enhance or mimic noradrenergic transmission
sympathomimetic
67
drugs that reduce noradrenergic transmission
sympatholytic
68
drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission
parasympathomimetic
69
drugs that inhibit cholinergic transmission
parasympatholytic
70
what factors enhances neurotransmission?
1. receptor agonists 2. facilitate release 3. block reuptake 4. affecting metabolism: cholinesteratse inhibitor
71
what factors inhibit neurotransmission?
1. inhibit synthesis 2. inhibit release 3. disrupt vesicular transport and storage 4. receptor antagonists 5. affect metabolism

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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