ANS control of BP

Question 1

what are the effects of standing up rapidly?

Answer 1

decreased CO, vascular resistance, and BP

Question 2

what organs are sites of action for HTN agents?

Answer 2

heart
blood vessels
kidenys
CNS endocrine system

Question 3

what organs are at risk for damage due to HTN?

Answer 3

eyes
heart brain
kidneys
arteries
liver
lungs

Question 4

what does dopamine do in the SNS?

Answer 4

causes vasodilation
dopamine is at the dopamine receptors

Question 5

what do alpha-1 receptors do in the SNS?

Answer 5

found in veins and arteries
causes vasoconstriction

Question 6

what do beta-1 receptors do in SNS?

Answer 6

in SA node, AV node, and myocardium of the heart
causes increased rate
increased conduction
increased force of contraction respectively

Question 7

what do beta-2 receptors do in the SNS?

Answer 7

in veins that cause vasodilation

Question 8

what receptors are apart of the SNS?

Answer 8

dopamine
alpha-1 receptors
beta-1 receptors
beta-2 receptors

Question 9

what is the receptor response in the PSNS?

Answer 9

beta-1 receptors in the
SA node –> decreased rate
AV node –> slowed conduction
myocardium –> decreased force of contraction

Question 10

what is the primary location of beta-1 receptors?

Answer 10

cardiac muscles then CNS then skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Question 11

what is the primary location of alpha-1 receptors?

Answer 11

vascular smooth muscles then CNS then liver and adipose tissue

Question 12

what is the primary location of alpha-2 receptors?

Answer 12

CNS then adipose tissue

Question 13

what is the primary location of beta-2 receptors?

Answer 13

liver then CNS and bronchial SM and vascular SM and skeletal muscle then cardiac muscle

Question 14

what is the response of the SNS?

Answer 14

fight or flight

Question 15

what is the response of the PSNS?

Answer 15

rest and digest

Question 16

what neurotransmitters are sympathetic?

Answer 16

norepinephrine
epinephrine

Question 17

what is the blood pressure equation?

Answer 17

CO x TPR

Question 18

what is the cardiac output equation?

Answer 18

SV x HR

Question 19

what are factors that determine stroke volume?

Answer 19

cardiac contractility
venous return to the heart (preload)
resistance for the left ventricle to eject blood into the aorta (afterload)

Question 20

what are factors that affect venous return?

Answer 20

blood volume and venous tone

Question 21

what is the baroreceptor response with a decrease in BP?

Answer 21

decreased BP –> activates sympathetic fibers –> feedback to innervate the heart to increase HR (beta-1 receptors) –> innervate blood vessels –> vasoconstriction (alpha-1 receptors) –> inhibit vagus –> increases BP

Question 22

what is the baroreceptor reflex in increased BP?

Answer 22

inhibits sympathetic fibers and activates vagus (PSNS) to decrease HR (reflex bradycardia) and BP with no direct effect on BP

Question 23

what are factors affect peripheral resistance?

Answer 23

vasoconstriction
vasodilation

Question 24

what is the role of phenylephrine in BP regulation?

Answer 24

act on alpha-1 receptors to increase systolic pressure via vasoconstriction and decrease the HR

Question 25

what is the role of epinephrine in BP regulation?

Answer 25

acts on beta and alpha-1 receptors to increase systolic pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate

Question 26

what is impact of isoproterenol?

Answer 26

acts on beta receptors to decrease diastolic pressure, increase pulse pressure, and increase heart rate

Question 27

how does phenylephrine influence the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 27

it decreases HR

Question 28

how does epinephrine influence the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 28

mitigates its direct effect

Question 29

how does isoproterenol influence the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 29

enhances its direct effect

Question 30

what is the main effect of alpha-1 receptors?

Answer 30

vasoconstriction

Question 31

what is the main effect of alpha-2 receptors?

Answer 31

inhibits release of NE

Question 32

what is the main effect of beta-1 receptors?

Answer 32

excitation --> increased HR, conduction velocity, contractility

Question 33

what are positive inotropic effects?

Answer 33

increase the force of heart muscle contractions

Question 34

what is the main effect of beta-2 receptors?

Answer 34

vasodilation

Question 35

what are positive chronotropic effects?

Answer 35

increase the HR

Question 36

what anti HTN medications act on the heart?

Answer 36

rate slowing CCBs beta blockers

Question 37

what anti HTN medications vasodilate blood vessels?

Answer 37

dihydropyridine CCBs

Question 38

what anti HTN medications impact renin release?

Answer 38

beta blockers aliskiren

Question 39

what anti HTN medication inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Answer 39

ACE inhibitors

Question 40

what anti HTN medications act on the kidney?

Answer 40

diuretics aldosterone receptor antagonists

Question 41

what are the physiologic effects of beta-blockers?

Answer 41

reduce HR, contractility, and renin secretion

Question 42

what are the physiological effects of CCBs?

Answer 42

reduce HR (some), contractility, venous tone, and peripheral resistance

Question 43

what are the physiological effects of diuretics?

Answer 43

decrease circulating blood volume

Question 44

what are the physiological effects of RAS blockers?

Answer 44

decrease blood volume and venous tone as well as modulate circulating regulators to decrease vascular resistance

Question 45

what are the physiological effects of alpha-1 blockers?

Answer 45

reduce venous tone and peripheral resistance (VSM relaxation)

Question 46

what are the physiological affects of central alpha-2 agonists?

Answer 46

reduce peripheral resistance and sympathetic tone