ANS cardiovascular il

Question 1

primary neurotransmitters in SNS

Answer 1

EPI and NE

Question 1

SNS receptors

Answer 1

adrenergic receptors (a,b1,b2)

Question 2

alpha-1 receptors (α1)

Answer 2

α1 receptors act on all blood vessels (both arterial and venous)
○ responsible for smooth muscle contraction
○ α1 receptors have a TONIC effect on b.v. = constant level of constriction
○ Receptors activated by EPI and NE

Question 3

beta-1 receptors (β1)

Answer 3

○ β1 affects the heart and kidney (w/ major emphasis on the heart!)
○ Cardiac muscle contraction
○ Increased renin secretion in kidney (↑ blood volume)
○ Receptors activated by EPI and NE

Question 4

beta-2 receptors (β2)

Answer 4

○ β2 mainly effects skeletal muscle b.v and the b.v. in the liver
○ activation causes smooth muscle relaxation
○ Receptors activated by EPI only!

Question 5

parasympathetic effects

Question 6

Muscarinic receptors are

Answer 6

G-coupled protein receptors involved in the parasympathetic nervous system. The only exception to these receptors is the sweat glands, which possess muscarinic receptors but are part of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

parasympathetic effects on heart

Answer 7

decreased hear rate (SA node)
decreased conduction through the AV node

Question 8

sympathetic effects (NE and EPI)

Answer 8

heart beta 1 receptor mediated
increased
heart reate
conduction through AV node
contractility (atrial and ventricular muscle)

Question 9

blood vessels thorugh sympathetic effects

Answer 9

arteria and venous constriction (alpha1 receptor mediated)
vasodilation in skeletal muscle b.v and b.v to the liver (beta2 receptor)

Question 10

sympathetic effects on kidney

Answer 10

increased renin secretion (beta1 receptor mediated)
increased blood volume

Question 11

SBP

Answer 11

systolic blood pressure
peak arterial pressure reached when heart contracts
reflects cardiac output (depends on contractility)
higher contractility = higher SBP

Question 12

DBP (diastolic blood pressure )

Answer 12

lowest arterial pressure reached when the heart relaxes
depends on the resistance in the arteries (afterload)
DBP reflects the degree of resistance; higher resistance = higher DBP

Question 13

pulse pressure (PP )

Answer 13

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Question 14

TPR (total peripheral resistance)

Answer 14

resistance of the entire systemic circulation (relates to the tone in the arteries)

Question 15

afterload

Answer 15

the force against which the heart contracts

Question 16

CO= cardiac output (L/min)

Answer 16

amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute (normal at rest = 5 L/min)
CO= SV x HR

Question 17

HR heart rate

Answer 17

number of heart beats per minute (normal resting HR = 70 beats/min)

Question 18

SV= stroke volume L

Answer 18

amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle

Question 19

VR venous return

Answer 19

amount of blood flowing from the veins into the heart ( right atrium)/ minute
the higher the VR the higher the preload (the stretch in the myocardium prior to contraction)

Question 20

venous tone

Answer 20

the level of constriction in the veins

Question 21

blood volume

Answer 21

is regulated by the kidneys

Question 22

preload

Answer 22

can be defined as intial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction (EDV)

Question 23

afterload

Answer 23

afterload is the load against which the heart has to pump (TPR)

Question 24

ANS effects on blood pressure

Answer 24

BP= CO x TPR

Question 25

primary neurotransmitter in parasympathetics

Answer 25

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 26

the parasympathetics has tonic (constant) effects on the heart which means what

Answer 26

it keeps the heart rate lower (HIGH YIELD APPARENTLY)

Question 27

in the heart, ACh acts on musarinic receptors, which has inhibatory effect leading to decreased HR

Question 28

PSNS effect on SA node

Answer 28

PSNS has tonic inhibition of conduction
decreased HR via Ach activation of mussacrinic receptors in cardiac tissue

Question 29

SNS effect on SA node

Answer 29

increased conduction
increased HR via NE/EPI activation of B1 receptors

Question 30

which is fastest and which is slowest node

Answer 30

SA is fastest and primary
AV is slower pacemaker

Question 31

PSNS effect on AV node

Answer 31

decreased conduction = decrease HR

Question 32

SNS effect on AV node

Answer 32

increase conduction = increase HR

Question 33

think atria
r atrium ___ blood

Answer 33

recieves deoxygenated blood

Question 34

left atritum receives

Answer 34

oxygenated blood

Question 35

PSNS effect on atria

Answer 35

decreases contractility

Question 36

SNS effect on atria

Answer 36

increases contractility

Question 37

does PSNS have an effect on ventricules

Answer 37

no PSNS only decreases contractility in atria

Question 38

SNS effects on ventricules

Answer 38

increases contractility in ventricles and in atria