ANS

Question 1

What are the two branches of the PNS

Answer 1

somatic and autonomic

Question 2

What are the two branches of the autonomic PNS

Answer 2

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 3

What is meant by the term ‘dominant tone’

Answer 3

An organ is often mainly influenced by either the PSNS or SNS

Question 4

What is the pathway of the PSNS and the SNS

Answer 4

PSNS-craniosacral
SNS-thoarcolumbar

Question 5

What are the main NTs of the SNS?

Answer 5

Epi, NE and ACh

Question 6

How are catecholamine NTs synthesized?

Answer 6

Tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-NE-Epi

Question 7

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors and their subclasses

Answer 7

Nictonici- Nm and Nn
Muscarinic-M1-5

Question 8

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors and their subclasses

Answer 8

alpha- a1a, a1b, a1d, a2a, a2b, a2c
beta-1,2,3

Question 9

What type of receptors are found in the PSNS and where is it found in the synapse line?

Answer 9

Muscarinic, post synaptic terminal

Question 10

What is the pathway that is stimulated when M1, 3 and 5 receptors are activated?

Answer 10

Gq-PLC-IP3-DAG-Increased Ca-Increased sm contraction

Question 11

What occurs when M2 or M4 pathways are stimulated?

Answer 11

Gi-decreased AC-decrease cAMP-decrease Ca2+ (L-type found in heart) and then decreased heart rate

Question 12

What happens in each of the main organs when a muscarinic receptor is activated?

Answer 12

decrease in heart rate and contraction
bronchoconstriction
relaxation on sphincters
contraction of walls
increased secretion

Question 13

What is a troubling side effect of drugs that target the M receptors?

Answer 13

decreased cognitive function

Question 14

What are the ways to stimulate M receptors?

Answer 14

using an agonist, or inhibit AchE (reversible or irreversible)

Question 15

What are the three types of reactions that occur for indirect acting cholinergic drugs when cholinesterase is bound?

Answer 15

acetylation-occurs naturally
carbamylation-reversible and slower acting (neostigmine)
phosphorylation-irreversible (nerve gases)

Question 16

What are the symptoms of an increased cholinergic response?

Answer 16

SLUDS

Question 17

What are parasympatholytics?

Answer 17

anti-muscarinics, antagonism of M receptors

Question 18

What is an example of a common parasympatholytic and what are some uses?

Answer 18

Atropine-intubation for no secretions, dilate pupils. dilate bronchioles and antidote

Question 19

What are some side effects that could occur from atropine?

Answer 19

dry mouth, tachycardia, constipation and difficulty urinating

Question 20

What happens when you stimulate an a-1 receptor?

Answer 20

constriction of smooth muscles-i.e. sphincters and blood vessels
G protein to IP3 to increased Ca2+ to contraction

Question 21

What is the function of the alpha 2 receptor and what happens when you have an agonistic ligand?

Answer 21

inhibition of NE release, no NE

Question 22

What happens when you stimulate the B-1 receptor?

Answer 22

increased heart rate and atrioventricular conduction and contractility,
G protein, increased AC and cAMP and increase in L-type channels

Question 23

What are some of the organs only innervated by the SNS, what receptor is present and what does it do?

Answer 23

Kidney-B1 for increased renin and bp
uterus
liver-B2 for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 24

What happens when you stimulate the B2 receptor?

Answer 24

relaxation of smooth muscles-bronchodilation, vasodilation, and relaxation of walls in GI, bladder and uterus
G protein, AC and cAMP

Question 25

What are sympathomimetics?

Answer 25

mimic stimulation of SNS by activating receptors or increasing amount of NT

Question 26

How do you increase the amount of NT in the synapse?

Answer 26

increase NT release, inhibit NT reuptake and inhibit metabolism of NT

Question 27

What is the main metabolic enzyme of catecholamines?

Answer 27

monoamine oxidase

Question 28

What are sympatholytics and how do they worK?

Answer 28

block or reduce sympathetic activity by directly blocking adrenergic receptors, and decreasing the amount of NT released into synapse

Question 29

What are two example of sympatholytics?

Answer 29

propranolol and clonidine

Question 30

What are the two muscles in the eye that control the iris?

Answer 30

circular and radial

Question 31

What receptors innervate the circular muscle and what happens when its activated?

Answer 31

M3 and M2-constricts

Question 32

What receptors innervate the radial muscle and what happens when its activated?

Answer 32

a1-dilates pupil

Question 33

What does the ciliary muscle do?

Answer 33

controls lens and production of aqueous humor

Question 34

What causes glaucoma?

Answer 34

increased ocular pressure due to increased production and decreased drainage of aqueous humor

Question 35

What receptor would you stimulate in the PSNS for treatment of glaucoma and why?

Answer 35

M2 and M3-contracts ciliary muscle to increase drainage

Question 36

What receptors would you stimulate in the SNS for treatment of glaucoma and why?

Answer 36

B2 agonist-increases blood flow and AH secretion a2-reduce NE release which increased drainage and decreases production of AH

Question 37

What type of receptor has an adverse effect on the eye and what is the adverse effect?

Answer 37

M receptor causes ciliary muscles to contract causing lens to bulge

Question 38

Where are Nm receptors found?

Answer 38

in muscle

Question 39

What are neuromuscular blockers?

Answer 39

drugs that act at the neuromuscular junction to either block or assist in contraction

Question 40

What are the two types of NMB and when are they commonly used?

Answer 40

non-depolarizing-reversible depolarizing-non reversible surgery for paralyzing skeletal muscle

Question 41

What is an example of a non depolarizing NMB?

Answer 41

Rocuronium-block Ach, which then causes flaccid paralysis (can potentially stop breathing) reversed with acetlycholinesterase inhibitor

Question 42

What is an example of a depolarizing NMB?

Answer 42

succinylcholine-constant stimulation of receptors leading to paralysis, good for intubation and broken down by pseudocholinesterase in blood

Question 43

What are some potential harmful side effects of depolarizing NMB?

Answer 43

hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest and rhabdomyolysis