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ICPP 2023 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What does ANS do?

A

Controls all involuntary functions (eg heart rate, blood pressure, GI motility, iris diameter)

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2
Q

ANS vs Somatic (voluntary) motor nervous system

A

They are separate

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3
Q

Afferent vs Efferent neurons

A

Afferent = sensory
Efferent = motor

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4
Q

Is the ANS Efferent or Afferent

A

Autonomic nervous system is entirely efferent (away from CNS) but regulated by afferent inputs

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5
Q

Two divisions of ANS

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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6
Q

Sympathetic system purpose

A
  • Responds to stressful situations
  • Fight or flight

increase HR, force of contraction, blood pressure

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7
Q

Parasympathetic function

A
  • Rest and digest
  • Regulates basal body activities (eg resting heart rate)
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8
Q

Where is sympathetic system located?

A

Thoracic and Lumbar regions of the spinal cord

(The Last Straw)
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sympathetic

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9
Q

Where does parasympathetic system come from?

A

Medullary/cranial and

Sacral region of the spinal cord

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10
Q

Important parasympathetic nerve

A

Cranial nerve 10 = Vagus nerve

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11
Q

Which ganglions are myelinated? What does this mean for transmission?

A

Pre ganglionic

parasympathetic faster transmission as more preganglionic

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12
Q

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic structure

A

Para:
long preganglionic
short post ganglionic (mAchR)

Sympathetic:
short preganglionic (synapse in sympathetic chain)
long postganglionic (Adrenoreceptors)
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13
Q

1) What are all preganglionic neurones like?

2) So what neurotransmitter is used for all of them?

A

1)Cholinergic

2)So Acetylcholine is released from all of them

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14
Q

Describe the release of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS (for the preganglionic neurone)

A

In both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system:

  • Ach is released from pre-ganglionic neurone
  • This activates post ganglionic nAchR
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15
Q

Type of channel nAchR

A

Ligand gated ion channels

allow influx of +ve ions Na+ mostly (causing depolarisation and transmitting the signal)

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16
Q

What are the Postganglionic neurones in the parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system like? Describe the transmission

A

1) Parasympathetic - cholinergic

  • They release Acetylcholine which acts on muscarinic ACh receptors in the target (effector) tissue
  • Muscarinic ACh receptors are GPCRs

2) Most Sympathetic postganglionic neurones- noradrenergic or adrenergic

  • They release noradrenaline
  • Which acts on 2 major classes of adrenoreceptors
  • Alpha adrenoreceptors
  • Beta adrenal receptors (which can further be divided into a1, a2,b1,b2,b3 subtypes)
17
Q

Type of receptor mAchR and adrenoreceptors

A

G protein coupled

18
Q

What are the subtypes for:

1) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

2) Adrenoreceptors

A

1) M1-M5
2) Alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoreceptors
Beta 1, beta 2, beta 3 adrenorecepors

19
Q

Describe the exceptions to sympathetic nervous system transmission

How would you describe these responses?

A
  • Although most postganglionic neurones in the sympathetic NS are noradrenergic and act on adrenoreceptors , some are cholinergic and release Ach that acts on mAchR
  • Such as those that innervate sweat glands, hair follicles - ( piloerection)
  • These are sympathetic responses mediated by acetylcholine
  • Adrenal medulla is another exception
20
Q

1) Name the Other transmitter in the ANS

2) When are they usually released?

A

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitters

Usually Co released with NA with or Ach

21
Q

NANC examples (4)

A

Nitric oxide
ATP
Serotonin
Neuropeptides

22
Q

Adrenal gland sympathetic system explained (6)

A
  • Noradrenaline is the neuronal component of the sympathetic fight or flight response
  • Adrenaline is the hormonal component of the sympathetic fight or flight response:
  • Preganglionic
    neurones synapse at adrenal medulla
  • The adrenal medulla is effectively a whole bunch of post ganglionic neurones (specifically the chromaffin cells) that receives a myelinated nicotinic input from the preganglionic fibres.
  • Chromaffin cells (in the adrenal medulla) are postganglionic neurones
  • When sympathetically stimulated, release adrenaline into bloodstream
23
Q

Describe the parasympathetic release of Ach in the heart?

What does it act on?

A

(Ach activates M2 Muscarinic receptors to cause:

  • Bradycardia (SA node)
  • Reduced conduction velocity (AV node)
24
Q

Describe the parasympathetic Ach release in smooth muscle (5 + 1)

A

ACh acts on M3 muscarinic receptors to cause:

- Bronchiolar contraction in lungs

- Increased intestine secretion/mobility in GI Tract

- Bladder contraction and relaxation in GU (genitourinary tract)

- Penile erection in GU tract

- Iris and cillary muscle sphincter contraction in eye

ACh also increases NO (nitric oxide) generation, which causes a local vasodilation

NO CONSTRICTION

25
Q

Describe the parasympathetic Ach release in glands?

What does it act on?

A

Increased sweat/salivary/lacrimal (tear) secretion

M1/3

26
Q

Describe the sympathetic release of noradrenaline in heart?

A 
Tachycardia (+ve chronotropy SA node)
Positive inotrophy (FOC ventricles)

(B1)

27
Q

Describe the effects of the sympathetic release of noradrenaline cause in smooth muscle cells(5)

A
  • Arteriolar contraction/venous contraction in the vasculature (a1)
- Bronchiolar/intestinal/uterine relaxation in the lungs/GI/GU tract

- Bladder sphincter contraction in GU tract

- Radial muscle contraction in eye

- Arteriolar relaxation in some vascular beds 

(B2)
28
Q

Why does arteriolar contraction and relaxation occur in sympathetic release of NA?

A

To divert blood to needed organs/tissues

(brain, heart, muscles)

29
Q

Describe the effects of sympathetic release of noradrenaline cause in glands and kidneys?

A

Increased secretion in salivary glands
Increased renin release in kidney
(B2)

30
Q

What levels do sensory neurones monitor? (6)

(Afferent/sensory inputs to the ANS)

A

Levels of:

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Oxygen
  • Nutrients in the blood
  • Arterial pressure
  • GI tract content and chemical composition
31
Q

What is the carotid body? (3)

A
  • chemoreceptors at the bifurcation of the carotid artery
  • that directly sense blood O2, CO2 and pH
  • relaying information to the CNS via the glossopharyngeal nerve
32
Q

Along which nerve does the carotid body relay information to the CNS?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

33
Q

What does nTS stand for?

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

34
Q

Describe what primary sensory neurones do

A
  • They project onto ‘second order’ sensory neurones located in the medulla oblongata, to form the nucleus tractus solitairius that integrates all visceral afferent information
35
Q

What else does nTs receive info from?

A

The area postrema

36
Q

Describe the role of the area postrema (2)

A
  • Detects toxins in the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid
  • Is essential for chemically induced vomitting and conditional taste aversion
37
Q

3rd division of ANS? (3)

A 
- Enteric nervous system 
- Contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs
- Controls the GI system (capable of operating independently from CNS)
38
Q

What constantly modulates the activity of efferent neurones?

A

Sensory (afferent) information

ICPP 2023 (31 decks)

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