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ANP 1115 > ANP 1115 - Blood (Pt. 1) > Flashcards

ANP 1115 - Blood (Pt. 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ONLY Fluid Tissue in the Body?

A

Blood is the only FLUID tissue in the body

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2
Q

Where are Formed Elements suspended in?

A

Suspended in Plasma

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3
Q

What are the Cellular Components of Blood?

A
  • Fluid Matrix —> Located between cells
  • Fibrin Threads —> Formed during blood clotting (for more fluid)
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4
Q

What are the Formed Elements of Blood (and their functions)?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) —> Transport oxygen
  • Leucocytes (WBCs) —> Protection against invading microorganisms; clears cellular debris
  • Platelets —> Formation of blood clots
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5
Q

What are the Physical Characteristics of Blood?

A
  • Colour is scarlet (O2 rich) to dark red (O2 poor)
  • More dense (millions cells / um blood), viscous than H2O
  • pH - 7.35-7.45 (mechanisms for homeostasis)
  • ~8% body weight (5-6 L male; 4-5L female)
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6
Q

What are the Three Functions of Blood?

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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7
Q

What is Distribution of Blood?

A

a) oxygen & nutrients (to tissue; from digestive tract to liver)
b) metabolic wastes (kidney to lungs for CO2)
c) hormones)

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8
Q

What is Regulation of Blood?

A

a) body temperature: distribution, conservation , dissipation (circulatory system; blood carries heat)
b) pH in body tissues (plasma proteins, bicarbonate reserve)
c) adequate fluid volume

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9
Q

What are the Protections for Blood?

A

a) Platelets, plasma proteins (protection against blood loss)
b) Antibodies, complement, WBCs (protection against infection; immune system)

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10
Q

What is Blood Plasma?

A
  • Straw coloured
  • 90% water + many solutes (ions, plasma proteins)
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11
Q

What are Plasma Proteins?

A

Functional proteins which remain in blood
- Produced in the liver (except gamma globulins which are antibodies - instead is produced by immune system)

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12
Q

What is Albumin?

A
  • 60% of all plasma proteins
  • carrier of various molecules
  • important blood buffer (can take in additional H+)
  • major osmotic protein
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13
Q

What is the Major Osmotic ion?

A

Sodium ion:
- Most prevalent ion in the blood stream
- Ensures enough fluid in blood

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14
Q

Why is Blood constantly adjusted?

A

Blood is constantly adjusted to keep its composition, pH within normal range

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15
Q

What percentage of Blood is composed of Plasma?

A

55% (least dense component)

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16
Q

What does the Buffy Coat consist of?

A

Leukocytes and platelets
- <1% of whole blood

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17
Q

What percentage of Blood is composed of Erythrocytes?

A

45% (most dense component)

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18
Q

Why do we say that Leukocytes only are complete cells?

A

Leukocytes contain nuclei
- Nuclei removed for other blood components when leaving blood stream

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19
Q

What are Formed Elements replaced by?

A

Most formed elements are short-lived / disposable
- constantly replaced by bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of an Erythrocyte?

A
  • ~7.5 um diameter
  • biconcave discs (no nucleus) = “bags of hemoglobin”
  • other proteins maintain PM, regulate cell shape
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21
Q

What is the function of Spectrin

A

revisit

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22
Q

What do RBCs transport?

A

RBSc transport O2 from lungs to tissues
- transport 20% of CO2 back to lungs (rest is transported directly in plasma)

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23
Q

What are the Specialized Characteristics that Optimize function?

A
  1. small size & biconcave shape gives large SA to V ratio
  2. > 97% non-water composition is hemoglobin
  3. no mitochondria; generate ATP anaerobically
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24
Q

What is the Major factor that contributes to Blood Viscosity?

A

RBCs are the major factor contributing to blood viscosity

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25
Q

What is the relation of RBC count between men and women?

A

Women have lower RBC count than men

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26
Q

What is the relation between rate of Blood Flow to RBC count?

A

Rate of blood flow is inversely affected by RBC count

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27
Q

What is Hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

A protein globin bound to red heme pigment

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28
Q

What is a Globin?

A

4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
- 4 Fe containing central heme groups

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29
Q

What can each Iron group do wrt oxygen?

A

Each Fe can reversible bind one molecule of oxygen
- 4 per Hb molecule

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30
Q

How many Hb molecules do each RBC contain?

A

Each RBC contains 250 million Hb molecules

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31
Q

Where is Hb contained in and why?

A

Hb is contained in erythrocytes rather than being a plasma protein:
- keeps it from fragmenting and being lost
- keeps it from contributing directly to osmotic pressure & blood viscosity

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32
Q

What is the difference between oxyHb and deoxyHb?

A

oxyHb is a different shape and colour than deoxyHb

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33
Q

How do O2 and CO2 interact with Hemoglobin?

A
  • O2 combines with heme group
  • CO2 combines with globin to form carbaminohemoglobin

*CO2 does not compete with O2

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34
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

The production of formed elements in red bone marrow
- RBCs are immature

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35
Q

What happens to RBCs when they become mature?

A

Migration through capillary walls to the blood

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36
Q

What are Hematopoietic Stem Cells?

A

Hemocytoblast: Stem cell for all formed elements; immature cells become committed to a particular pathway

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37
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

Production of RBCs (erythrocytes) in red bone marrow
- process takes roughly 15 days and is composed of 3 steps or phases

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38
Q

What are Proerythroblasts?

A

Committed cells that fill up with hemoglobin and discards nucleus

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39
Q

How do Proerythrocytes undergo protein synthesis?

A

Use of ribosomes for protein synthesis
- beta subunits
- alpha subunits

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40
Q

What are Reticulocytes?

A

New RBCs that move out to circulation

41
Q

What happens to the Protein Synthetic Machinery in Reticulocytes?

A

Protein synthetic machinery broken down + digested in 24 - 48 hours

42
Q

How long do RBC last?

A

100 - 120 days

43
Q

What is the difference between a reticulocytes and an erythrocyte?

A

reticulocyte contains residual synthetic machinery
- called erythrocyte when synthetic machinery is gone

44
Q

What does a Low Reticulocyte count tell you?

A

Could be anemic

45
Q

What does a High Reticulocyte count mean?

A

Production of new RBC is stimulated

46
Q

What would a Reticulocyte Count tell you?

A
  • Provides information on the bone marrow’s ability to produce new RBCs
  • Helps distinguish between various causes of anemia
  • Helps monitor bone marrow response and the return of normal marrow function following treatment
47
Q

What is the mechanism for Regulation of Erythropoiesis?

A
  • Balance between RBC production & destruction
  • Too few: anemia; too many: polycythemia
  • production rate: >2 million / sec if healthy (sufficient iron & B vitamins)
48
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A

EPO, glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the kidney
- always some EPO in blood
- stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

49
Q

What are the effects of Hypoxia on EPO?

A

Additional release if hypoxia due to:
1. hemorrhage / excess RBC destruction
2. high altitude or pneumonia
3. Increased demand

50
Q

What is monitored and acts as a signal for EPO?

A

the level of oxygen transport

51
Q

What are the effects of Erythropoietin?

A

Enhances maturation rate of RBC precursors

  • (1-2 days to see increased release of reticulocytes and their maturation to RBCs)
52
Q

What are the additional problems of Renal Failure Patients?

A

additional problem is a lack of EPO
- RBC counts can be 50% of normal
- helped by recombinant EPO

53
Q

What are the effects of EPO abuse?

A

Can increases hematocrit from 45% to 65%
- increased viscosity plus dehydration during a race can cause clotting, stroke, heart failure

54
Q

What is the Effect of Testosterone on renal EPO production?

A

Stimulatory: EPO stimulated for production of RBCs

55
Q

What is the second reason why women have a lower hematocrit than men?

A

Loss of blood due to menstruation

56
Q

What are the Dietary Requirement for erythropoiesis?

A
  • Iron
  • B-Vitamins
57
Q

What is the Absorption of Dietary Iron controlled by?

A

Controlled by the body’s storage levels

58
Q

Where is Dietary Iron stored?

A
  • 65% already in molecules of Hb
  • rest is stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow (ferritin, hemosiderin)
59
Q

What is Iron transported in blood bounded to?

A

Iron transported in blood loosely bound to transferrin

60
Q

What is Loss of Iron caused by?

A

Loss of iron: via feces, urine, sweat, menstrual fluid in females aged 12-52

average daily loss: 1.7 mg (female), 0.9 mg (male)

61
Q

What is essential for DNA synthesis?

A

vitamin B12 & Folic acid are essential for DNA synthesis

62
Q

Why do Mature Erythrocytes become rigid, fragile with time?

A

Hemoglobin begins to degenerate

63
Q

What is the Useful Life Span of Erythrocytes?

A

100 - 120 days

64
Q

What is the Spleen often referred to as?

A

RBC graveyard

65
Q

What is the Result of the Destruction of Erythrocytes?

A
  • Iron stored & reused
  • rest of heme degraded to bilirubin
  • Amino acids of globin part recycled (reused)
66
Q

What happens to Bilirubin?

A

Eventually becomes stercobilin or unobilinogen

67
Q

What is Anemia?

A

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood

68
Q

What are the Three causes to Anemia?

A
  1. Not enough normal RBCs produced
  2. Episode of significant blood loss
  3. RBCs are being too quickly destroyed (sickle cell anemia)
69
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

Elevated number of RBCs

70
Q

What is Polycythemia Vera?

A

“True polycythemia” due to a cancerous condition in bone marrow

71
Q

What is Secondary Polycythemia caused by?

A

Due to high altitude
- Kidney senses reduced oxygen delivery (e.g., atmospheric air)
- increase release of EPO

72
Q

What is Artificial Polycythemia?

A

Blood doping
- Taking additional EPO when not needed
- Boosting level of RBCs artificially in circulatory system

73
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
- anucleate

74
Q

What do Platelets contain?

A

contain purple-staining granules that contain clotting factors & enzymes

75
Q

What is the Lifespan of Platelets?

A

~10 days

76
Q

What is Platelet Formation regulated by?

A

Regulated by the hormone Thrombopoietin

77
Q

Where is Thrombopoietin produced?

A
  • Liver is the primary source
  • Kidney’s (mainly the primary source of erythropoietin)
78
Q

How many Platelets per microlitre of blood?

A

150 000 - 400 000

79
Q

What is HEMOstasis?

A

Process of making a blood clot

80
Q

What are the Three Phases of Hemostasis?

A

a) vascular spasms
b) formation of platelet plug
c) coagulation

81
Q

What are Vascular Spasms?

A

Brief vasoconstriction of vessel in response to damage
- slow down blood flow
- Allows platelets to easily interact, activate, and release clotting factors in vesicles (vessels?) for blood clots

82
Q

What are the Triggers to Vascular Spasms?

A
  • Damage to the wall of the vessel
  • chemicals from damaged endothelial cells & activated platelets
  • reflexes activated by local pain receptors
83
Q

Why do Platelets have difficulty grouping together or sticking to Endothelial Linings?

A

platelets do not stick to each other or to endothelial linings due to production of NO and PGI2 (prostacyclin) by endothelial cells

*NO and PGI2 prevents blood clot when there is no damage

84
Q

What does the Exposure to Collagen stimulate in Hemostasis?

A

exposure to collagen (in basement membrane of endothelial cells) stimulates platelets to swell
- become spiky & sticky

85
Q

How do Platelets adhere to exposed Collagen and what does it lead to?

A

adhere to exposed collagen via von Willebrand factor
(a plasma protein; helps platelets adhere to collagen)

Leads to: degranulation and a lot of positive feedback

86
Q

What is Degranulation?

A

Release of clotting factors from platelet granules

87
Q

What are the Platelet Products that promote clumping?

A

ADP: enhances aggregation and degranulation
Serotonin: a neurotransmitter but also a platelet product
Thromboxane A2 (a prostaglandin): enhance vascular spasm
& aggregation

88
Q

What happens during Coagulation?

A

platelet plug converted to a much sturdier structure

89
Q

What are the Three phases of Coagulation?

A
  1. prothrombin activator formed
  2. prothrombin converted to thrombin
  3. fibrinogen molecules → fibrin mesh
90
Q

What are the Two Pathways to Prothrombin Activator & Coagulation?

A
  • Intrinsic pathway
  • Extrinsic pathway
91
Q

What is the Intrinsic Pathway?

A

Clotting of blood OUTSIDE the body (in a tube) or in a slightly damaged vessel
- slower pathway to factor X and PA
- Exposure to collagen is key

92
Q

What is the Extrinsic Pathway?

A

Clotting of blood in response to damage
- release of tissue factor
- bypass many steps of intrinsic pathway
- faster pathway to factor X and PA

93
Q

What does Prothrombin Activator consist of?

A

Consists of factors Xa, Va, Ca, phospholipid surface

94
Q

What is the Rate Limiting Step of Clot formation?

A

Prothrombin Activator (PA) is the rate-limiting
step
- once achieved, clot formation in 10-15 sec via Phase 2 & 3 common pathways

95
Q

When do Clot Retraction and Repair occur and how?

A

Occurs within 30-60 mins
- Platelets contract (contain actin & myosin)
- exerts pulling force on surrounding fibrin strands

96
Q

What is Serum and where does it come from?

A

Fluid that is plasma minus the clotting factors
- Squeezed from clot & ruptured edges of blood vessels pulled closer

97
Q

When is PDGF released?

A

Platelet-derived Growth Factor
- released during degranulation

98
Q

What does PDGF stimulate?

A

Stimulates smooth muscle cells & fibroblasts to divide & rebuild wall
- endothelial cells multiply to fill gap in lining (VEGF)
- the clot covers the area of damage while healing begins

99
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Production of new endothelial cells to line blood vessel

ANP 1115 (5 decks)

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