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Gastrointestinal Pathology > Anorectal Disorders > Flashcards

Anorectal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Types of anorectal disorders

A

Congenital

Acquired

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2
Q

Presentations of anorectal disorders

A

Pain
Haemorrhage
Dysfunction

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3
Q

Types of anorectal disorders

A

Inflammation
Infection
Malignancy
Trauma

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4
Q

What are some congenital anorectal abnormalities?

A

Imperforate anus
Uro-genital fistula
Hirschprung’s myenteric plexus deficiency

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5
Q

What are some acquired ano rectal abnormalities?

A 
Haemorrhoids
Fissure
Abscess
Fistula-in-ano 
Ulceration 
Cancer
Control of continence
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6
Q

Another name for haemorrhoids

A

Piles

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7
Q

Definition of haemorrhoids

A

Swellings containing enlarged blood vessels that are found inside or around the rectum and anus

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8
Q

Treatment of haemorrhoids

A

Increased fibre and fluids to soften stools
Haemorrhoidal creams
Ice packs to reduce swelling
Sitting in plain warm water

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9
Q

Complications of haemorrhoids

A

Ruptured haemorrhoid
GI bleeding (can lead to anaemia if severe)
Thrombosis

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10
Q

What is a stapled anopexy?

A

Removal of haemorrhoidal tissue and repositioning of tissue

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11
Q

When can stapled anopexy be done?

A

Haemorrhoids

Prolapse

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12
Q

Definition of anal fissure

A

Tear or open sore (ulcer) that develops on the lining of the anal canal

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13
Q

Treatment of anal fissures

A

Relax internal anal sphincter

  • topical nitric oxide
  • 0.2% glyceryl trinitate paste
  • 2% Diltiazem calcium blocker
  • Surgery - internal lateral sphincterotomy
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14
Q

Complications of anal fissures

A

Failure to heal
Recurrence
Tear extends to surrounding tissues

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15
Q

Treatment of peri anal abscess

A

Incision and drainage
Antibiotics
Pain relief

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16
Q

Definition of fistula-in-ano

A

Infected tunnel that develops between the skin and the muscular opening at the end of the anus

17
Q

Treatment of fistula-In-ano

A 
Superficial 
- lay open by fistulotomy 
Trans-sphinctertic 
- seton suture 
- "COOK SIS" fistula plug
18
Q

Complications of fistula-in-ano

A

Rarely heel if left untreated

19
Q

Types of ano-rectal cancer

A

Anal squamous cancer

Rectal adenocarcinoma

20
Q

Treatment of anal squamous cancer

A

Radiotherapy

21
Q

Treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma

A

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

Laparoscopic resection

22
Q

Staging of ano-rectal cancer

A

Duke’s staging

23
Q

Sites of colorectal cancer

A 
Right colon 27% 
Transverse 10%
Left colon 36%
Rectum 16%
Anus 3% 
Others 8%
24
Q

What is the most common site for colorectal cancer?

A

Left colon

25
Q

Causes of anal ulceration

A

Crohn’s disease
Malignancy
Syphillis “Chancre”
Nicorandil (heart drug)

26
Q

Definition of haematochezia

A

Rectal bleeding

Gastrointestinal Pathology (26 decks)

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