Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer- Afaf Ibrahim Meleis Flashcards
the between, call for nursing, nursing response and
personhood served as substantive and structural bases for
their conceptualization of nursing as caring. Nursing as caring
qualitatively transforms practice
“Theory of Nursing as Caring”
essential for understanding living as caring and appreciating their unique expression in the reciprocal relationship of the nurse and the nursed.
Mayeroff’s Major Ingredients Of Caring
What are the major ingredients of caring
knowing, alternating rhythm, patience, honesty, trust, humility, hope, courage
communities of scholars who develop a particular perspective
on the world and what it means to be in the world
Disciplines Of Knowledge
hold a value system in common that is expressed in its unique focus on knowledge and practice.
Disciplinary Communities
nurturing persons living and growing in caring
Focus Of Nursing
to know persons as caring and it to support and sustain them as they live caring.
Intention Of Nursing
the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse with another who is recognized as living in caring and growing in caring
Caring in nursing
constantly unfolding in caring
Person
unique and unpredictable in the moment and therefore cannot and should not be manipulated or objectified as testable, researchable variables.
Person
the locus of all that is known and done in nursing.
Nursing situation
the shared lived experience in which caring between nurse and nursed enhances personhood.
Nursing situation
a process of living that is grounded in caring.
Personhood
implies being oneself as an authentic caring person and being open to unfold possibilities for caring.
Personhood
opens the relationship to true caring between the nurse and the nursed
Direct Invitation
offers the opportunity to the nursed to share what truly matters in the moment. “How might I nurse you in ways that are meaningful to you?”
Direct Invitation
intentionality and authentic presence open the nurse to hearing calls for nursing.
Calls for Nursing
situated personal expressions that cannot be predicted, but originate within persons who are living caring in their lives and who hold hopes and aspirations for growing in caring.
Calls for Nursing
calls for nurturance perceived in the mind of the nurse
Calls for Nursing
when the nurse enters the world of the other person with the intention of knowing the other as a caring person.
Caring between
through presence and intentionality, the nurse comes to know the one nursed
Caring between
constant and mutual unfolding enhances this loving relation.
Caring between
unidirectional activity or reciprocal exchange
No Caring In Between
It is cocreated in the immediacy of what truly matters and is a specific expression of caring nurturance to sustain and enhance the other’s living and growing in caring.
Nursing Response
is a method for knowing nursing and a medium for all forms of nursing inquiry.
Story
embodies the lived experience of nursing situation involving the nurse and the nursed.
Story
content of nursing knowledge is generated, developed, conserved, and known through the lived experience of nursing situations.
story
this method recreates and represents the essence of the experience, making the knowledge of nursing available for further study.
Story
the fundamental assumption or basic premise of nursing as caring that all persons are caring
Perception of Persons as Caring
fundamentally, potentially and actually, each person is caring
Persons are Caring by Virtue of their Humanness
Centers on valuing and celebrating human wholeness, the human person as living and growing in caring, and active personal engagement with others.
Persons are Caring by Virtue of their Humanness
no insufficiency, no brokenness, and no absence of something. The person is at all times whole.
Persons are Whole and Complete in the Moment
caring is a lifetime process that is lived moment to moment and is constantly unfolding
Persons Live Caring, Moment to Moment
Personhood is being authentic, demonstrating congruence between beliefs and behaviors, and living out the meaning of one’s life. From the perspective of nursing as caring, personhood is the universal human cell.
Personhood is Living Life Grounded in Caring
Caring is living in context of relational responsibilities and possibilities, and it acknowledges the importance of knowing the person as person
Personhood is Enhanced through Participating in Nurturing Relationships with Caring Others
As a discipline, nursing is a way of knowing, being, valuing, and living in the world and is envisaged as a unity of knowledge within a larger unity.
Nursing is both a Discipline and a Profession
attends to the discovery, creation, development, and refinement of knowledge needed for the practice of nursing
Discipline
attends to the application of that knowledge in response to human needs
Profession
a visual presentation of the theoretical assertion that lived caring between the nurse and the nursed expresses underlying relationships.
Dance of Caring Persons
a model to guide the whole of an organization in which each person in the health care system lives caring meaningfully and has a place of value in the care system.
Dance of Caring Persons
Fundamental Assumptions Of Nursing As Caring
- To be human is caring
- The purpose of the discipline and profession is to come to know persons and nurture them as persons living caring and growing in caring.
Theorist of Theory of Nursing as Caring
ANNE BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFER
What is the theory of Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
Transitions Theory
What are the types and patterns of transitions
Developmental transition, health and illness transitions, situational, and organizational transitions
birth, adolescence, menopause, aging and death
Developmental transition
recovery process, hospital discharge, and diagnosis of chronic illness
Health and illness transitions
changing environmental conditions that affect the lives of clients, as well as workers within them.
Organizational transitions
What are the patterns of transition
multiplicity & complexity
single or multiple
Multiplicity
sequential, simultaneous, related or unrelated
Complexity
what are the properties of transition experience
Awareness, engagement, changes and difference, time span, critical points and events
perception, knowledge, and recognition of a transition experience” and level of awareness is commonly reflected in “the degree of congruency between what is known about processes and responses and what constitutes an expected set of responses and perceptions of individuals undergoing similar transitions”
awareness
person doesn’t begin transition yet
Unawareness
the degree to which a person demonstrates involvement in the process inherent in the transition”. Awareness influences the level of engagement. No engagement, no awareness
Engagement
are a property of transitions.
Changes and differences
identities, roles, relationships, abilities, and behavior
are supposed to bring a sense of movement or
direction to internal as well as external processes.
changes
could be demonstrated by unsatisfied or atypical expectations, feeling dissimilar, being realized as dissimilar, or viewing the world and others in dissimilar ways
challenging differences
all transitions may be characterized as flowing and moving over time.
time span
a span of time with an identifiable starting point, extending from the first signs of anticipation, perception, or demonstration of change; moving through a period of instability, confusion and distress; to an eventual ‘ending’ with new beginning or period of stability
transition
Final point of transition. “markers such as birth, death, cessation of menstruation, or the diagnosis of an illness”.
Critical points and events
are usually linked to intensifying awareness of
changes or dissimilarities or to a more exertive
engagement in the transition process.
Critical points and events
differentiated by a sense of counter pose in new schedules, competence, lifestyles and self-care behaviors
Transitions Theory
variations, consecutive changes, and interruptions in existence
Duration of uncertainty
those circumstances that influence the way a person moves through a transition, and that facilitate or hinder progress toward achieving a healthy transition.”
Transition Conditions
meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, preparation and knowledge.
Personal conditions
could be facilitators or inhibitors for transitions. Underdeveloped compared with personal transition
Community conditions & Societal conditions
what are the Patterns of Response
process indicators and outcome indicators
directs clients into health or toward vulnerability and risk make nurses conduct early assessment and intervention to expedite healthy outcomes.
Process Indicators
Feeling connected
Process Indicators
Interactions
Process Indicators
Locating and being situated
Process Indicators
Developing confidence and coping
Process Indicators
may be used to check whether a transition is a healthy one
Outcome Indicators
Mastery
Outcome Indicators
Fluid integrative identities
Outcome Indicators
three measures that are widely applicable to therapeutic intervention during transitions
nursing therapeutics
what are the three nursing therapeuticcs
assessment of readiness, preparation for transition, role supplementation
interdisciplinary effort based on a full
understanding of the client.
Assessment of readiness
requires assessment of each the transition conditions to generate a personal sketch of client readiness and to allow clinicians and researchers to determine diverse patterns of the transition experience.
Assessment of readiness
includes education as the main modality for
generating the best condition to be ready for a
transition
Preparation for transition
- Nurses are the primary caregivers of clients and their families who are undergoing transitions.
- Transitions both result in change and are the result of change.
nursing
- Transitions involve a process of movement and changes in fundamental life patterns, which are manifested in all individuals.
- Transitions cause changes in identities, roles, relationships, abilities, and patterns of behavior.
- The nature, conditions, meanings, and processes of their transition shape the daily lives of clients, environments, and interactions.
person
- Transitions are complex and multidimensional. Transitions have patterns of multiplicity and complexity.
- All transitions are characterized by flow and movement over time.
- Change and difference are not interchangeable, nor are they synonymous with transition.
health
Vulnerability is related to transition experience, interactions, and environmental conditions that expose individuals to potential damage, problematic or extended recovery, or delayed or unhealthy coping.
environment
Fundamental Assumption of the Theory of Nursing as Caring
All persons are caring
Used to come to know what matters most to the one nursed at the moment
direct invitation
intention of direct invitation
truly coming to know the one nursed
Without this, nursing in its fullest sense does not occur
caring between
Type of transition: Changing environmental conditions that affect the lives of the client, as well as workers within them
organizational
Type of transition: Changing environmental conditions that affect the lives of the client, as well as workers within them
organizational
Markers such as birth, death, the cessation of menstruation, or the diagnosis of an illness
critical points
Transition condition: marginalization of immigrants in the host country
societal condition
Transition condition: community resources
community condition
This can also represent a healthy completion of a transition
Identity reformulation
predictive given behavior and are shaped by the nature of the target behavior being considered
personal factors
The synthesis of the two major constructs that guide the researcher to discover, explain, and account for health, well-being, care expressions, and other human conditions
culture care
totality of an event, situation, a particular experience that gives meanings to people’s expressions, interpretations, and social interactions within a particular geophysical, ecological, spiritual, sociopolitical, and technological factors in specific cultural settings
environmental context
